中子仪测量农田土壤水分精度的比较研究

采用国产IAG-Ⅱ型和美国产503DR型2种中子仪进行农田土壤水分精度测量对比试验研究结果表明,与土钻法比较,IAG-Ⅱ型中子仪的平均精度略高于503DR型中子仪;14℃和25℃温度下IAG-Ⅱ型中子仪稳定性优于503DR型中子仪,而52℃温度下则反之,且503DR型中子仪性能受温度的影响小于IAG-Ⅱ型中子仪,表明2种仪器均可用于科研和业务。对503DR型中子仪1991年和2002年建立的标定方程进行统计检验分析比较表明,2条标定方程的剩余标准离差(s)无显著差异,截距(a)和斜率(b)差异显著,表明这2条标定方程不能合并。     

中子水分仪在黄土丘陵区的标定研究

通过在黄土丘陵地区进行中子水分仪的标定研究,运用分段标定方法、线型标定及非线型标定相结合、数据平滑处理得到了土壤不同深度的3条标定直线:0-30cm土层标定曲线采用一元二次回归方程,r值为0.93;其余两层采用直线回归方程标定,r值均大于0.93。结果表明:以上方法结合标定可提高中子水分仪标定方程的准确性,证实了中子水分仪在黄土丘陵地区野外长期水分动态变化监测中的可行性及可靠性。同时证明了与容积权重平滑法相比,三点平滑法更具有实际的应用意义。     

太阳能供电的土壤剖面水分动态原位自动监测系统的研制

目前,商业化的土壤水分传感器在野外观测土壤剖面含水率时仍然存在测量深度不可调节、多传感器探头之间的互换误差、野外长期监测供电困难、成本较高等问题。为此,该研究设计并研制了一种太阳能供电的可实现野外长期工作的介电管式土壤剖面水分原位自动监测系统。该系统组成包括:传感器模块、主控模块、太阳能供电模块和参数设置软件。测量时,先将PVC管垂直安装至待测土壤中,安装过程不扰动土壤结构,主控与存储模块控制土壤含水率传感器在PVC管中上下移动测量土壤含水率,并同步记录土壤深度。此外,该系统可以根据实际需求通过PC机参数设置软件进行灵活设定测量参数(传感器测量深度、测量深度间隔和测量周期)。针对该系统的性能与测量精度开展了相关测试与观测试验,功耗测试结果表明该系统待机功率为0.35 W,工作功率为1.4 W,太阳能电池板最大输出功率为5W,太阳能电池板和锂电池配合供电的情况下能实现长时间续航;土壤含水率传感器在砂土和粉壤土中的标定试验表明:该系统测量结果与实际土壤体积含水率高度吻合,标定曲线决定系数R~2均大于0.99;经过校正后,该系统探头深度定位的标准偏差在0.2 cm以内。在两种质地土壤的滴灌试验结果表明:该系统分别在6和15 mL/min两种滴水速率下均能准确获取土壤剖面含水率的动态变化过程,为观测作物生长状态和根区水分变化、制定合理的灌溉策略以及研究并检验土壤入渗水动态模型提供了可靠的技术支持和保障。     

3He管中子土壤水分测量装置提高测量精度

宇宙射线中子法是一种先进的测定区域土壤水分含量的方法,但国内外对其制约因素的研究仍不成熟。该研究利用商业化宇宙射线中子仪(CRS1000)和自己组装的~3He管中子水分探测器(~3He管),在中国农业大学上庄试验站对土壤含水量进行持续监测,将测量的结果与烘干法测量的结果进行对比分析,验证2种仪器测量的准确性和稳定性,并比较2种仪器对土壤水分变化响应的灵敏性差异。研究结果显示,CRS1000和~3He管具有较高的稳定性,在太阳活动剧烈时,有必要考虑对中子入射强度进行校正;通过与烘干法获得的土壤水分数据比较,CRS1000和~3He管测量数据的均方根误差分别为0.036、0.015 cm~3/cm~3,说明2种仪器进行土壤水分测量的结果非常准确;利用2种仪器获得的土壤水分曲线的变化趋势具有较高的一致性,在降水事件发生时,2种仪器都迅速作出响应,但~3He管对土壤水分变化的反应更加灵敏,测量精度更高。同时,组装的~3He管中子水分探测器成本约为商业化宇宙射线中子仪的1/2,降低了成本,具有更加广阔的应用前景。     

中子仪测定气候观测场和农田土壤水分的试验研究

用中子仪对气候观测场与农田的土壤水分动态变化进行观测,对比发现两者存在明显差异;在河北霸州、黄骅和深州的三个气候观测场建立了IAG型中子仪的标定方程,通过与土钻法比较,30cm以下土层霸州站采用一个标定方程、黄骅站则采用两个标定方程效果较好,深州站的标定结果不理想;在中国气象局固城土壤水分试验小区建立了5 0 3DR型中子仪标定方程,通过与土钻法比较发现它适用于30cm以下土层,0～30cm土层的土壤湿度建议最好用土钻法或其它方法观测     

石羊河尾闾黏土质夹层结构土壤对降雨入渗的响应

为探明该种土壤结构如何影响降雨在土壤中再分配及其影响效果,采用自然降雨背景下的人工试验方法开展了黏土质夹层对降雨入渗影响效果的试验研究。结果表明:(1)降雨后经过相同时间水分再分布后的土壤末期含水率主要受控于降雨初期含水率、降雨入渗所能达到的最高含水率及其黏土夹层厚度;(2)黏土质夹层表层沙土土壤含水率在降雨条件下经过长期水分再分布后表现出黏土层厚度越小,表层含水率越低的特征;黏土层及黏土层下部的沙土层初始含水率越高,在降水初期水分增加量、增加速度以及水分流失量、流失速度与初始含水率具有一定的正相关关系。因此,黏土质夹层结构土壤阻滞水分入渗到植物难以利用到的深层,将水分固持于黏土层及黏土层上下部,在表层覆沙20 cm情景下,10,20,30 cm厚度的黏土质夹层以10 cm处理总体水分保持效果最好。     

基于宇宙射线缪子的土壤含水率监测

为了丰富土壤含水率的测量手段,拓展宇宙射线缪子技术在农业工程领域的应用,该研究提出了利用宇宙射线缪子监测土壤含水率的方法,即通过放置在土壤中的缪子探测器测得的宇宙射线缪子计数来反推出土壤含水率。利用蒙特卡罗程序FLUKA对不同含水率的土壤建模并进行数值模拟,得出土壤含水率的探测分辨率,进一步得到最佳的缪子探测器放置深度。结果表明,探测半径与探测器放置深度相关,将探测器放置在地表下方80 cm深度处时,探测半径为6.2 m,此时当探测时长为2 h时,对土壤含水率的探测分辨率可以达到0.1 cm3/cm3;当探测时长达到8 h时,探测分辨率可以达到0.05 cm3/cm3。相较于60、70、80、100、110、120 cm等不同深度,探测器放置在地表下方90 cm处时,在相同探测时长条件下,土壤含水率的探测分辨精度最高,达到0.038 cm3/cm3。验证试验结果表明,缪子计数值的变化可以反映出待测物质质量厚度的较小变化。相较于传统的点测量方法和宇宙射线中子法,该方法的探测范围适中（探测半径为6～8 m）,且测量结果不易受土壤密度之外的因素影响,可以作为其他监测技术的重要补充,具有广阔的应用前景。     

室内模拟降雨条件下土壤水分入渗及再分布试验

降雨入渗对城市绿化、防洪排涝、农业生产等方面有着重要的意义。采用室内模拟降雨,使用时域反射仪采集相关数据,从土壤含水率变化特征和湿润锋运移特点等方面,研究了在垂向一维条件下不同雨强降雨对水分入渗的影响,探讨在降雨条件下土壤水分的再分布情况,从而确定试验所用砂壤土保水性最优土层范围。结果表明：降雨结束后,土壤水分的再分布主要受土水势控制,随着时间的延长,蒸发作用逐渐占据主导地位;试验所用砂壤土的最佳保水性土层深度为20～35 cm,可为植物的选栽提供参考。     

探地雷达结合钻孔探测采煤塌陷区土壤剖面层次及含水率

为分析煤层开采对地层结构及含水率的影响,利用探地雷达对西部煤矿开采区开采前后地表浅层土壤剖面、土壤含水率分布特征进行了探测研究。通过钻孔地质编录对雷达探测地层分布进行了矫正,并利用实验室实测含水率验证了雷达探测含水率精度。结果表明:1)雷达探测钻探结果显示,煤矿开采区浅层(10 m)土壤介质结构从上之下主要包含砂层、黏土层和风化层3类。2)探地雷达探测含水率与实测含水率随深度变化规律相似,4个钻孔两种方法探测所得含水率相关系数分别为0.875、0.88、0.94和0.84,表明探地雷达反演浅部地层含水率的可行性,黏土、含砂黏土的含水率远远大于砂层含水率。3)煤矿开采对浅部地层土壤剖面具有一定影响,但土壤剖面整体不变。煤矿开采后浅层土壤含水率下降明显,第1、3次探测L1测线砂层和黏土层含水率损失率平均为28.26%、12.85%。这表明煤层开采对砂层结构土壤含水率影响较大。第二、四次探测砂层平均含水率分别为5.31%,7.44%,含水率增大2.11%,土壤含水率增大范围在5%～56%之间,平均增大范围为27.89%示。黏土层两次探测含水率分别为11.46%、11.96%,含水率增大0.5%,含水率增大范围在-19.13%～19.59%,平均增大范围为4.79%。即黏土类结构层含水量变化较小,砂层结构含水量变化较大,说明黏土类地层受降雨影响较小,砂层结构地层含水量受降雨影响较大,表明浅部地层土壤水分主要受降雨影响。     

谷物含水率中子法在线测量的可行性研究

研究了处于冰冻和流动状态下的谷物含水率的快速测量。探讨了中子式测水仪对谷物含水率测量的一些基本规律,得出:谷物含水率的中子法在线测量是可行的;谷物的流动速度在一定范围内变化对慢中子计数比R_c的影响不大;谷物含水率的中子法在线测量可实现干燥机的自动控制     

Time stability of soil water storage measured by neutron probe and the effects of calibration procedures in a small watershed

The knowledge of soil water storage (SWS) of soil profiles is crucial for the adoption of vegetation restoration practices. With the aim of identifying representative sites to obtain the mean SWS of a watershed, a time stability analysis of neutron probe evaluations of SWS was performed by the means of relative differences and Spearman rank correlation coefficients. At the same time, the effects of different neutron probe calibration procedures were explored on time stability analysis, mean SWS estimation, and preservation of the spatial variability of SWS. The selected watershed, with deep gullies and undulating slopes which cover an area of 20 ha, is characterized by an Ust-Sandiic Entisol and an Aeolian sandy soil. The dominant vegetation species are bunge needlegrass (Stipa bungeana Trin.) and korshinsk peashrub (Caragana Korshinskii kom.). From June 11, 2007 to July 23, 2008, SWS of the top1 m soil layer was evaluated for 20 dates, based on neutron probe data of 12 sampling sites. Three calibration procedures were employed: type I, most complete, with each site having its own linear calibration equation (TrE); type II, with TrE equations extended over the whole field; and type III, with one single linear calibration curve for the whole field (UnE) and also correcting its intercept based on site specific relative difference analysis (RdE) and on linear fitting of data (RcE), both maintaining the same slope. A strong time stability of SWS estimated by TrE equations was identified. Soil particle size and soil organic matter content were recognized as the influencing factors for spatial variability of SWS. Land use influenced neither the spatial variability nor the time stability of SWS. Time stability analysis identified one site to represent the mean SWS of the whole watershed with mean absolute percentage errors of less than 10%, therefore, this site can be used as a predictor for the mean SWS of the watershed. Some equations of type II were found to be unsatisfactory to yield reliable mean SWS values or in preserving the associated soil spatial variability. Hence, it is recommended to be cautious in extending calibration equations to other sites since they might not consider the field variability. For the equations with corrected intercept (type III) , which consider the spatial variability of calibration in a different way in relation to TrE, it was found that they can yield satisfactory means and standard deviation of SWS, except for the RdE equations, which largely leveled off the SWS values in the watershed. Correlation analysis showed that the neutron probe calibration was linked to soil bulk density and to organic matter content. Therefore, spatial variability of soil properties should be taken into account during the process of neutron probe calibration. This study provides useful information on the mean SWS observation with a time stable site and on distinct neutron probe calibration procedures, and it should be extended to soil water management studies with neutron probes, e.g., the process of vegetation restoration in wider area and soil types of the Loess Plateau in China.     

The conversion of permittivity as measured by a PR2 capacitance probe into soil moisture values for Des Moines lobe soils in Iowa

Measurement of soil moisture is essential for irrigation scheduling and capacitance sensors have been widely used to monitor soil moisture at different depths. Two approaches for converting permittivity measures using the capacitance probe (PR2, Delta‐T Devices) to soil water content are to (a) use the default equation and parameters provided by the manufacturer, and (b) use site specific calibration equations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the manufacturer’s default equation and in‐situ calibrated equations for estimating soil water content. Permittivity measurement using the PR2 probe coincided with soil sampling during the growing seasons in 2006, 2007 and 2008 for Des Moines lobe soils in north‐central Iowa. The default equation provided by Delta‐T Devices for the PR2 probe estimated the soil water content for 3 years with an average root mean square error (RMSE) and index of agreement (IoA) values of 0.097 cm³/cm³ and 0.587, respectively. The default equation was calibrated by a 1‐year (2006) and a 2‐year (2006 + 2007) data set. The resultant statistics indicate that site specific calibration gives more accurate estimates of soil water content compared to the uncalibrated default equation. Three‐year averaged RMSE and IoA values were 0.049 cm³/cm³ and 0.742 for equations calibrated by the 1‐year data set, and 0.034 cm³/cm³ and 0.807 for equations calibrated by the 2‐year data set. The results from this study indicate that a site specific calibration is necessary for the PR2 probe, and equations calibrated by data from a longer period performed better than data from a shorter period. Where a site‐specific field calibration cannot be applied, coefficients are provided for various cropping systems in Des Moines Lobe soils of Iowa based on the results from this study.     

Field performance of three real-time moisture sensors in sandy loam and clay loam soils

The study was conducted to evaluate HydraProbe (HyP), Campbell Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) and Watermarks (WM) moisture sensors for their ability to estimate water content based on calibrated neutron probe (NP) measurements. The three sensors were in-situ tested under natural weather conditions over a 3-yr period in a sandy loam and clay loam soils planted to grass. The HyP, TDR and WM sensors were evaluated for their ability to estimate soil moisture contents by comparing their outputs with those of NP measurements. Results showed that HyP, TDR and WM provided different estimates of soil moisture contents in both soils. Nevertheless, our work suggests that soil moisture sensors including those used in this study can be made suitable for irrigation scheduling without in-situ calibrations by simply setting the upper and lower irrigation trigger limits for each sensor and each soil type. The upper trigger point occurs directly after irrigation event (near field capacity) and the lower trigger point is based on about 50% depletion of available water in the crop rootzone and is occurs prior to irrigation refill. This approach can significantly help irrigators to achieve their irrigation scheduling and productivity goals without consuming any time onsite or soil specific calibrations.     

The form of the calibration curve of a neutron moisture meter near the soil surface

Abstract

A considerable increase in accuracy of soil moisture determinations near the soil surface was possible with the depth probe of a neutron moisture meter when quadratic calibration curves were used     

基于T-S模糊模型的TDR土壤水分传感器标定方法研究

利用TDR土壤水分传感器实现土壤水分数值的精确采集具有现实意义[1-3]。为了获得TDR土壤水分传感器水分含量测量所对应输出电压与实际土壤含水量的良好对应关系,在采用取土实验测量法获得实际水分含量数值与对应输出电压数值的基础上,利用Takagi-Sugeno模型逼进精度高、后件参数线性化等优点[2,4]对TDR土壤水分传感器     

中子探测仪在林地土壤水分研究中的应用

<正> 目前对土壤水分的研究可以分为两大类:一类是空间变异性问题,即对同一时刻不同位置的土壤水分特征值进行估计,另一类是时间变化问题,即对同一位置不同时刻的土壤水分特征值进行研究。 自1952年Gardner和Kirkham开创性地应用中子探测仪测定土壤水分的变化之后,中子探测仪成为比较通用的野外原状土壤含水量的探测仪器。该仪器能较准确地探测出土壤水分的时间变化过程,因此使得从短期内土壤水分平衡的角度来推算蒸发散量成为可能。 对于土壤性质的空间变异性研究,从本世纪初就已开始,特别是60年代以后,这方面的研究已进一步深入化。研究者们希望了解土壤特征参数在什么条件下才     

半干旱沙地3种土壤水分测定方法对比研究

土壤水分是影响干旱、半干旱地区植物生长和发育的重要因素。分别采用烘干法、TDR法(时域反射计)和EC-5法这3种方法对毛乌素沙地土壤水分进行了观测。结果表明,3种方法测得的各层土壤含水率之间均无显著差异;3种方法测得结果彼此间相关性显著;EC-5在观测低含水率土壤水分中具有与烘干法和TDR法相当的效果。EC-5土壤水分传感器在组建自动化、网络化土壤监测系统中具有优势。     

古尔班通古特沙漠腹地土壤水分时空分异研究

古尔班通古特沙漠土壤水分补给以积雪融水和雨水为主，土壤水分是维系古尔班通古特沙漠荒漠植被发育最主要的制约因子。选取沙漠腹地典型沙垄为研究区，并分地貌部位布设了土壤水分监测点、植物监测样方以及沙面蚀积监测铁钎和气象观测站，从而形成以土壤水分监测为主的综合监测场。通过野外标定，利用中子水分仪对典型沙垄的不同地貌部位土壤水分动态进行系统监测，结果表明：土壤水分受季节性积雪、降雨、地貌部位、地形起伏、植被盖度等因素的影响而出现明显的空间分异与时间变化。土壤水分的空间差异整体表现为垄问土壤水分高于垄顶，坡下高于坡上。土壤水分的时间变化表现：3～4月为土壤水分的补给期，5～6月为土壤水分快速损耗期，7～10月土壤水分最低，11月～次年2月表层土壤水分积累，而次表层、深层土壤水分相对稳定。     

黄土丘陵区柠条林地土壤水分垂直变化

为了解水资源紧缺地区多年生林地的土壤水分状况,采用中子仪测定法,于2002-2006年对宁夏自治区固原市上黄生态试验站人工柠条林地(生长季4-10月)的土壤水分进行了监测。并应用隔室分析法建立了土壤水分垂直变化模型,对柠条林地土壤水分实测数据进行了拟合。分析结果表明,在参数取值特定的条件下,模型可表达试区内不同降雨条件下柠条人工林下的土壤水分垂直变化,拟合优度R2符合统计学要求,模型具有较好的应用价值。