Genauigkeit von Bodenfeuchtemessungen mit „Time Domain-Reflektometrie” und., Frequency Domain-Sensoren”︁ in heterogenen Waldböden

Precision of soil moisture measurements done with “Time Domain Reflectometry” and “Frequency Domain Probes” in heterogeneous forest soils Using “Time Domain Reflectometry” (TDR) and “Frequency Domain” (FD) technique soil moisture of a homogenized soil- substrate of silty loam was measured in the lab as well as soil moisture of the same silty loam and of two soils with coarser texture and more heterogeneous structure in situ. These measurements were compared with gravimetric soil moisture measurements done at the same measuring sites. Thus the measuring errors caused by soil heterogeneities should be assessed. The standard error of both, the TDR- and the FD- probes amounted to less than 1 Vol%, at the in situ measurements as well as in the homogenized substrate. In the homogenized substrate under relatively dry conditions soil moisture was overestimated to about 2 Vol% by both electronical methods, which is most likely the result of compactions in the contact zone between rods and the soil caused by the insertion of the rods. In the field both electronical methods, however, underestimated the soil moisture up to 14 Vol%. This applied especially to the surface of the mineral soil and under the influence of high stone contents. This deviation is interpreted as an effect of gaps along the rods, caused by the insertion. In loosely packed and stony upper soils we propose therefore to install the rods in homogenized autochtoneous soil material having settled to its natural bulk density instead of inserting them into the natural layered soil.     

十八胺化学改性下壤土的斥水性与入渗性能研究

以壤土为研究对象,将十八胺基伯胺作为斥水剂掺入天然风干重塑壤土中,配置了不同十八烷基伯胺含量和初始含水率的改性试样,采用滴水穿透时间法测定了改性壤土的斥水等级,提出并获得了改性壤土的临界含水率,分析了十八烷基伯胺含量、壤土斥水等级、初始含水率的关系。在此基础上,采用全自动三轴渗透仪,开展了改性壤土在不同水头差作用下的渗透试验,揭示了不同斥水等级壤土的入渗性能,获得了改性壤土的稳定入渗率。结果表明:十八烷基伯胺含量和土壤含水率是影响土壤斥水性的重要因素。十八烷基伯胺含量越高,土壤斥水等级越大,上限含水率越低,而下限含水率越高。土壤斥水等级相同时,初始入渗速率受水头差影响较小,如十八胺基伯胺质量分数为0.6%的土壤,20和60k Pa水头差条件下其初始入渗速率分别为0.210和0.238cm/s;入渗持续一段时间后,入渗速率突然降低,降至0.005 cm/s,进入稳定入渗阶段。土壤斥水性越强,稳定入渗速率和稳定入渗率均呈下降趋势,壤土防渗效果越好。起始出渗时间随水头差的增大而减小,随土壤斥水性的增大而增大。上述研究成果可为斥水性土壤应用于土木水利工程领域提供试验基础。     

Comparison of three dielectric moisture sensors for measurement of water in saline sandy soil

The number of sensor types available for measuring soil water content has increased but investigations to compare their performance in saline soils needs clarification. In this study the performance of commercially available, low-cost soil moisture sensors [time domain reflectometry (TDR), PR1 and WET], all measuring changes in the dielectric constant of the soil water, was evaluated under laboratory conditions in a saline sandy soil. The three sensors were also tested in the same sandy soil growing drip irrigated sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L. cv. Moench) in a greenhouse. Plants were irrigated daily with either saline water (ECw: 9.4 dS/m) or fresh water (0.11 dS/m). The volume of irrigation was equivalent to 100% of the pan evaporation. The results showed that measurement accuracy was strongly dependent on the salinity of the soil. The PR1 sensor overestimated volumetric water content ( θ ) when the salinity level exceeded 4 dS/m [root mean square of the standard error (RMSE) = 0.009 cm³/cm³]. The WET sensor significantly overestimated θ irrespective of the salinity level (RMSE = 0.014 cm³/cm³). The TDR sensor estimated θ with more accuracy (RMSE = 0.007   cm³/cm³) and thus can be considered as more reliable than the other two sensors. The calibrations were strongly affected by the salinity level of the water, so we recommend that calibration equations are modified to take account of salinity.     

太阳能供电的土壤剖面水分动态原位自动监测系统的研制

目前,商业化的土壤水分传感器在野外观测土壤剖面含水率时仍然存在测量深度不可调节、多传感器探头之间的互换误差、野外长期监测供电困难、成本较高等问题。为此,该研究设计并研制了一种太阳能供电的可实现野外长期工作的介电管式土壤剖面水分原位自动监测系统。该系统组成包括:传感器模块、主控模块、太阳能供电模块和参数设置软件。测量时,先将PVC管垂直安装至待测土壤中,安装过程不扰动土壤结构,主控与存储模块控制土壤含水率传感器在PVC管中上下移动测量土壤含水率,并同步记录土壤深度。此外,该系统可以根据实际需求通过PC机参数设置软件进行灵活设定测量参数(传感器测量深度、测量深度间隔和测量周期)。针对该系统的性能与测量精度开展了相关测试与观测试验,功耗测试结果表明该系统待机功率为0.35 W,工作功率为1.4 W,太阳能电池板最大输出功率为5W,太阳能电池板和锂电池配合供电的情况下能实现长时间续航;土壤含水率传感器在砂土和粉壤土中的标定试验表明:该系统测量结果与实际土壤体积含水率高度吻合,标定曲线决定系数R~2均大于0.99;经过校正后,该系统探头深度定位的标准偏差在0.2 cm以内。在两种质地土壤的滴灌试验结果表明:该系统分别在6和15 mL/min两种滴水速率下均能准确获取土壤剖面含水率的动态变化过程,为观测作物生长状态和根区水分变化、制定合理的灌溉策略以及研究并检验土壤入渗水动态模型提供了可靠的技术支持和保障。     

Guidelines for safe trafficking and cultivation, and resistance–density–moisture relations of three disturbed soils from Alberta

The Atterberg limits and the Proctor compaction test are used by engineers for classifying soils and for predicting stability of building foundations. Field capacity and wilting point (agronomic limits) are used to indicate available water for plant uptake. Few studies have related the engineering criteria to the agronomic ones with regard to compaction hazard for soils. This study investigated the relationships between Atterberg limits, agronomic limits and the critical moisture content (moisture content at Proctor maximum density) for three disturbed soils (sandy loam and clay loam soils from a reclaimed Highvale mine site, and a silt loam soil from a grazing site at Lacombe) of different textures. Relationships between bulk density, moisture content and penetration resistance for these soils were also investigated. For the sandy loam and loam soils, the field capacity was close to the critical moisture content but lower than the plastic limit. Therefore, cultivation of these two soils at moisture contents close to field capacity should be avoided since maximum densification occurs at these moisture contents. Overall, the critical moisture content or field capacity would be a better guide for trafficking of sandy loam and loam textured soils than the Atterberg limits. For the clay loam, field capacity was within the plastic range. Thus trafficking this soil at field capacity would cause severe compaction. In conclusion, either field capacity or plastic limit, whichever is less, can be used as a guide to avoid trafficking at this moisture content and beyond. For the sandy loam and loam soils penetration resistance significantly increased only with increased bulk density (P≤0.05). For the clay loam soil, penetration resistance was positively related to bulk density and negatively related to moisture content.     

透射式探地雷达探测土壤含水率

探地雷达可以进行土壤含水率的快速探测,但普通反射式雷达容易受反射层位难确定的影响造成探测误差。该研究使用透射式探地雷达对不饱和含水壤土及砂土所构建的物理模型进行透射式探测,通过起跳时间对比标定的方法,精确计算了介质中雷达波波速和土壤的相对介电常数。最后通过统计分析,发现以Topp模型公式形式为基础的三次多项式具有最高拟合优度,并修正了Topp公式中的参数后,分别建立起非饱和壤土和砂土体积含水率与介电常数的经验公式及其适用范围。最后,通过试验对比验证了该方法对砂土含水率的测量相对误差为13.20%,较时域反射TDR(time domain reflectometry)方法低14.34%,壤土为9.48%,较TDR方法低15.79%,测量精度明显高于TDR方法。因此该方法可替代TDR方法用于特定条件下土壤含水率的准确检测。     

低频探地雷达地波法测定土壤含水量的可行性研究

利用地波法来探讨低频探地雷达(GPR)在土壤含水量测定方面的可行性。分别采用50 MHz和100 MHz天线的探地雷达地波法对黄淮海平原潮土地区砂壤土和砂土中的含水量进行了探测研究。结果表明,50 MHz天线GPR分辨率过低,在砂土和砂壤土中均无地波信号。100 MHz天线在砂壤土中无地波信号,但在砂土中可清晰读取出空气波和地波。TDR测得含水量为6.3%的砂土,用100 MHz天线地波法3次测定结果分别为5.9%,6.2%和6.5%,绝对误差均在0.4%以内。采用共中点法(CMP)和固定间距法(FO)相结合探测土壤含水量,在FO最佳天线间距1 m时测得灌水前后的砂土含水量分别为6.5%和20.2%,与TDR测定结果6.3%和19.7%相比,绝对误差在0.5%以内。100 MHz天线CMP和FO相结合的方法兼顾了CMP法读取地波的精确和FO法的快速便捷,在砂土的含水量测定应用中是可信、可行的。     

毛管埋深和层状质地对番茄滴灌水氮利用效率的影响

为了确定不同质地土壤中地下滴灌的适宜毛管埋深,通过两年日光温室滴灌施肥灌溉试验,研究了毛管埋深、土壤层状质地和施氮量对番茄产量、品质及水分利用效率（WUE）、氮肥表观利用率（AFUE）和氮肥偏生产力（PFP）的影响。研究结果表明,均质壤土中,毛管埋深、施氮量及其交互作用对番茄产量和WUE影响不显著,地下滴灌番茄Vc含量比地表滴灌低;番茄AFUE随毛管埋深增加而降低,施氮量由150 kg/hm2增加到225 kg/hm2时,番茄PFP显著降低。对均质壤土,建议毛管埋深15 cm、施氮量150 kg/hm2,以获得较高的PFP。土壤的层状质地结构明显降低番茄的产量、WUE和PFP,与均质壤土处理相比,上砂下壤和砂土夹层处理WUE分别低32%和11%,产量和PFP分别低33%和12%,从提高水氮利用效率的角度出发,建议在上粗下细（上砂下壤）的层状土壤中慎重使用地下滴灌。     

基于探地雷达功率谱和雷达波振幅包络估算砂壤含水率

为实现探地雷达(ground penetrating radar,GPR)技术对中国西部干旱地区浅部砂壤介质含水率分布精确、快速、连续的探测,该文研究了耦合自回归滑动平均功率谱估计方法(auto regressive and moving average,ARMA)和雷达波振幅包络平均值方法(average envelope amplitude,AEA)反演含水率提高反演精度的可行性。首先,使用自回归滑动平均功率谱估计方法(auto regressive and moving average,ARMA)和雷达波振幅包络平均值方法(average envelope amplitude,AEA)分别反演雷达有效探深范围内的砂壤介质体积含水率值。将雷达探测结果分别与取样烘干法在各深度的测试结果进行对比分析,发现针对研究区内的干燥砂壤介质,使用ARMA方法能够有效地反演出地表10 m深度内砂壤介质的体积含水率值,但0~0.5 m范围内含水率值反演结果不准确;而AEA方法可准确反演出该地区0~0.5 m范围内的体积含水率值。根据2种方法的适用性,构建典型干旱地区浅部砂壤介质(0~10 m)含水率的反演模型。实际探测显示,联合模型平均相对误差为5.57%~16.71%、均方根误差为0.62%~2.08%,在0~0.5 m范围内反演的含水率平均相对误差比ARMA方法减少16.81%~41.80%,与AEA方法相比,联合模型能够反演更深地表的含水率。综合表明联合模型能够快速、准确、连续地获得西部干旱区0~10 m范围内浅部砂壤介质的体积含水率值。     

培养条件下微纳米增氧水添加对新疆砂壤土硝化作用的影响

为了提升氮素利用效率和生产能力，采用室内培养试验方法，研究不同土壤含水率（田间持水量的30%、60%、100%及175%）条件下增氧水处理对土壤硝化作用的影响，并分别利用硝化动力学方程和硝化作用强度定量评价NH4+-N和NO3--N含量的动态变化特征，比较NH4+-N初始消耗速率、NH4+-N最大消耗速率、达到最大消耗速率所用时间以及NO3--N平均生成速率的变化。结果表明：粉质砂壤土氮素转化以硝化作用为主；随着含水率的升高，土壤硝化作用强度呈现先增加后降低的趋势，并在田间持水量条件下达到最大。在不同含水率条件下增氧水处理对土壤硝化作用的影响具有显著差异（P<0.05）。与常规水处理相比，在田间持水量的60%条件下，增氧水处理对土壤硝化过程的促进作用更为明显，NH4+-N最大消耗速率提高了8.9%，最大消耗速率出现时间提前，NO3--N平均生成速率增加，硝化作用更强；而在田间持水量条件下，增氧水处理的土壤NH4+-N消耗没有显著差异，仅NO3--N平均生成速率增加；田间持水量的175%条件下，增氧水处理土壤NH4+-N最大消耗速率降低了21.5%，最大消耗速率出现时间滞后，但NO3--N平均生成速率没有显著变化。该研究提出了增氧水处理促进氮素转化作用的最适水分条件，为发展农业高效水肥利用技术提供了理论依据。     

基于土壤水分空间变异的变量灌溉作物产量及节水效果

提高整个田块作物生长指标和产量的均匀性是实施变量灌溉水分管理的目标之一。该研究基于土壤可利用水量(available water holding capacity,AWC)将试验区划分为4个水分管理区,利用相同的灌水控制指标(0.45AWC)进行分区变量灌溉水分管理;作为对照,基于最小AWC区的土壤水分进行均一灌溉水分管理。对比变量灌溉和均一灌溉条件下冬小麦、夏玉米生长指标(株高、叶面积指数、地上部分干物质质量)、叶片相对叶绿素含量、产量及其均匀性,分析AWC对作物生长和产量的影响。结果表明,与均一灌溉相比,夏玉米变量灌溉节水14.1%,冬小麦灌水量相同。与均一灌溉相比,变量灌溉对冬小麦、夏玉米生长指标、叶片相对叶绿素含量和产量的影响均未达到显著水平,而不同AWC管理区之间作物生长指标和产量的差异均达到了显著水平。为获得更高的作物产量,建议不同AWC管理区内采用不同的灌水控制指标。研究可为大型喷灌机变量灌溉水分管理决策提供依据。     

Empirical evaluation of the relationship between soil dielectric constant and volumetric water content as the basis for calibrating soil moisture measurements by TDR

The paper is addressed to soil scientists who use Time-Domain Reflectometry (TDR) technology to measure soil moisture. The practical aspects of the measurement calibration are discussed, and an empirical approach to establishing the existence of a universal calibration function is presented. Samples of 11 mineral soil horizons and seven organic soil horizons with different chemical and physical properties (including magnetic properties) were selected with the aim of determining their dielectric constant-volumetric water content relationship as calibration functions for TDR soil moisture measurements. These samples were supplemented by other, soil-like, capillary-porous reference materials (montmorillonite, glass beads, washed sand and a sand from a C horizon). The study showed that a unique calibration function for mineral soils and another distinct calibration function for organic soils can be established.     

A model for estimating soil moisture changes as an aid to irrigation scheduling and crop water-use studies: II. Field test of the model

Abstract. A model was developed to estimate daily evapotranspiration and root zone soil moisture changes appropriate for scheduling irrigation, incorporating a modified version of the Penman-Monteith equation.
The model was field tested during 1992–94, for potatoes and sugarbeet, by comparing modelled root zone soil moisture changes with field measurements taken using neutron probes. The study confirmed the accuracy of the model when predicting crop water use and soil moisture change. Linear regression of measured versus modelled data exhibited a slope of 0.99 and an intercept close to and not significantly different from zero. The relationship accounted for 80% of the variation.     

运用时域传输技术测定不同类型土壤的含水率

针对时域反射（TDR）技术测定含盐土壤、有机质质量分数高的土壤和红壤含水率过程中存在不适用的问题,该文应用一种基于时域传输（TDT）原理的水分测试仪,通过室内土柱试验,研究该仪器在不同类型的土壤上测定土壤含水率的适用性。研究结果表明：在风沙土、褐土和潮土3种类型的土壤上,土壤体积含水率和TDT输出的电压之间存在显著的线性关系,且可以用统一的线性关系计算土壤含水率,其估计标准误差是0.026 cm3·cm-3;在盐土（EC值为11.12 dS·m-1,含盐量为59.5 g·kg-1）上,土壤体积含水率和TDT输出电压值之间的线性关系仍然存在,其估计标准误差是0.025 cm3·cm-3;在栗钙土（有机质质量分数67.95 g·kg-1）和红壤上,土壤体积含水率和TDT输出的电压值之间的关系可以用三次多项式表示,校正关系式估计标准误差分别是0.028和0.015 cm3·cm-3。因此,基于TDT原理的水分测试仪能被广泛地应用于不同类型土壤的含水率测定,尤其在盐土、有机质质量分数高的土壤和红壤含水率的测定上表现出优于TDR技术的特点。     

Calibration of Gypsum Blocks for Measuring Saline Soils Moisture

The proper management of irrigation requires an accurate measuring of soil moisture. One of the commonly applied methods for measuring soil moisture is the use of gypsum blocks – a method that is simple and quick to apply. However, measuring moisture in saline soils using this method is prone to errors due to the effect of soil salinity on the block. In this study, the effect of different salinities (1, 2, 6, 10, and 18 deci Siemens per meter (dS m^?1) on the measurements of a gypsum block type 5910 A was investigated with two repetitions in random blocks in sandy loam, loam, and clay loam soils, and corrective functions were obtained using multivariate regression for all soils with different salinity levels. The results showed different trends for measuring the soil moistures for salinities 1–6 dS m^?1 compared with salinities 10–18 dS m^?1, and the corrective functions in salinities 1–6 dS m^?1, which had higher accuracies than those with salinities 10–18 dS m^?1.     

土壤电导率对时域反射仪测定土壤水分的影响

试验通过往土壤中加入电介质溶液 ,以及在不同粘粒含量土壤上用时域反射仪 (TDR)测定土壤含水量 ,研究结果表明 :在较低含水量情况下 (砂土 <0 1 5cm3cm- 3,砂质壤土 <0 .1 8cm3cm- 3) ,电导率的增加不易引起TDR测定值的明显偏差 ;但在较高含水量下 ,当溶液电导率增加到 8dSm- 1 (砂质壤土 )和 1 1dSm- 1 (砂土 )时 ,TDR测得的含水量值明显高于实际值。在较高电导率 ( <1 6dSm- 1 )下 ,K0 .5a 与实际含水量仍呈较好的线性关系 ,但电导率引起的介电损失影响了K0 .5a ～θ线性关系的斜率和截距。本文给出了考虑电导率影响的K0 .5a ～θ线性关系的校正方程。土壤粘粒含量的增加也会引起TDR测定偏差 ,在低含水量时测定值偏低 ,在高含水量时测定值偏高。粘粒含量 <5 0 %时 ,测定偏差 <0 .0 2cm3cm- 3。     

半干旱沙地3种土壤水分测定方法对比研究

土壤水分是影响干旱、半干旱地区植物生长和发育的重要因素。分别采用烘干法、TDR法(时域反射计)和EC-5法这3种方法对毛乌素沙地土壤水分进行了观测。结果表明,3种方法测得的各层土壤含水率之间均无显著差异;3种方法测得结果彼此间相关性显著;EC-5在观测低含水率土壤水分中具有与烘干法和TDR法相当的效果。EC-5土壤水分传感器在组建自动化、网络化土壤监测系统中具有优势。     

Effects of tillage on soil microrelief, surface depression storage and soil water storage

Conservation of soil water is an important management objective for crop production in the semi-arid tropics where droughts are persistent. Identification of the best tillage methods to achieve this objective is thus imperative. The integrated effects of conservation tillage on soil micro topography and soil moisture on a sandy loam soil were evaluated. The field experiment consisted of five tillage treatments, namely tied ridging (TR), no till (NT), disc plough (DP), strip catchment tillage (SCT) and hand hoe (HH). Data measured in the field included soil moisture content, surface roughness, infiltration and sorghum grain yield. A depth storage model was used to estimate depression storage TR treatment and the higher the surface roughness, the greater the depression storage volume. Regression analysis showed that random roughness decreased exponentially with increase in cumulative rainfall. Higher moisture contents were associated with treatments having higher depressional storage. Infiltration rate was significantly higher in the tilled soils than the untilled soils. The DP treatment had the highest cumulative infiltration while NT had the lowest. The Infiltration model which was fitted to the infiltration data gave good fit. Grain yield was highest in TR and least in NT, whereas DP and HH had similar yields.     

Measuring and predicting soil moisture conditions for trafficability

ABSTRACT

The main cause of loss of soil structural stability is vehicle operation on unpaved wet surfaces. Unfortunately, there is a lack of continuous soil moisture data in predicting trafficable conditions. To measure changes in soil moisture conditions in real time, Percostation (Adek) sensors were installed in sandy loam Stagnosol soil at different depths. Problems with soil trafficability can be expected at the plastic limit, and the soil is unable to support vehicle operations at the liquid limit in such soils. The maximum water-holding capacity of the soil is 32%, the field capacity is 25%, the plastic limit is 22%, and the liquid limit is 30%. With rainfall of more than 10?mm d^?1, the moisture content reached the plastic limit in the upper 25?cm of soil. The average increase in the soil moisture content after more than 10?mm of rain was 1–2.5% in a time frame of 2–3 hours. After rain, the previous soil moisture level was obtained within 2 to 3 days in the vegetation period. Measurements also allowed soil water balance and evapotranspiration modelling data to predict soil moisture conditions with an accuracy of one day but failed to predict in a shorter period.