微生物植酸酶对猪钙、磷利用率及骨骼发育的影响

本试验旨在研究从断奶到肥育结束,在饲粮中添加微生物植酸酶对猪钙、磷代谢及骨骼发育的影响。试验采用完全随机设计,将72头35日龄断奶的仔猪分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复6头。试验在相同钙水平基础上设4个组,分别为:1)玉米-豆粕基础日粮(对照组);2)基础日粮 植酸酶-50%磷酸氢钙(处理1);3)基础日粮 植酸酶-75%磷酸氢钙(处理2);4)基础日粮 植酸酶-100%磷酸氢钙(处理3)。试验期按体重分3个阶段:8~20 kg、20~50 kg、50~90 kg,3个阶段植酸酶的添加量分别为750、500和250 U/kg。试验结果表明:(1)在8~20 kg和20~50 kg阶段,添加植酸酶的3个处理,钙、磷消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);血钙和血磷浓度,处理1和处理2与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05),处理3显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。在50~90 kg阶段,添加250 U/kg植酸酶代替100%磷酸氢钙,血磷、血钙浓度显著低于对照组(P<0.05);(2)在试验的3个阶段添加植酸酶同时降低饲粮无机磷水平,对血清碱性磷酸酶活性均无显著影响(P>0.05);(3)添加植酸酶使胃中植酸磷消化率显著提高(P<0.0 1),粪中磷排出量显著降低(8~2 0 kg、2 0~5 0 kg阶段,P<0.0 1;5 0~9 0 kg阶段,P<0.0 5);(4)添加植酸酶代替50%或75%磷酸氢钙,猪的掌骨灰分与采食正常磷日粮的对照组无显著差异,但代替100%磷酸氢钙组,猪的掌骨灰分和蹠骨强度则显著低于对照组(P<0.05);添加植酸酶代替50%磷酸氢钙组,猪的蹠骨强度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),代替75%磷酸氢钙组与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。总之,在断奶和生长阶段,在猪玉米-豆粕日粮中添加植酸酶可代替部分磷酸氢钙,促进了钙、磷消化利用,促进了骨骼生长,也促进了植酸磷的利用,降低了粪磷排出。     

植酸酶在我国南方夏季高温环境下对猪的生物学功效

本研究选用60头4周龄杜长大断奶仔猪(7．33 0．45kg),评价在我国南方夏季高温环境下植酸酶对高生产性能猪的生物学功效。试验设5个处理组。每个处理组设6个重复(每重复2头猪),饲喂玉米-米糠-豆粕型饲粮。在低磷水平的饲粮(负对照组)中,分别添加250PTU／kg、500PTU／kg、750PTU／kg植酸酶和0．15％无机磷(正对照组),组成5种不同的试验饲粮。试验结果表明：植酸酶的添加,显著提高了断奶到生长阶段猪的日增重和采食量;改善了血清无机磷、钙浓度;提高了饲粮中磷、钙的消化率,降低了粪中磷的排放量。试验结果说明。植酸酶可以部分替代断奶到生长阶段猪饲粮中无机磷,并减轻磷对环境的污染。本研究根据植酸酶和无机磷对猪生产性能、血清相关生化指标和饲粮中磷、钙的消化率反应的比较推断。500PTU／kg～750PTU／kg植酸酶即可替代0．15％饲料无机磷。     

植酸酶、柠檬酸和碳酸化合物酶对肉鸡生长性能和养分利用率的影响

文章旨在研究低磷、低钙水平日粮添加植酸酶、柠檬酸和碳水化合物酶对1~21 d肉鸡生长性能及养分消化率的影响。试验选择1日龄肉仔鸡576只,随机分为6组,每组4个重复,每个重复24只鸡。试验共分为6种日粮,阳性对照组日粮(正常钙磷水平)、阴性对照日粮(低磷、低钙)、阴性对照日粮+600 IU/kg植酸酶,阴性对照日粮+600 IU/kg植酸酶+5 g/kg柠檬酸,阴性对照日粮+600 IU/kg植酸酶+500 mg/kg复合碳水化合物酶,阴性对照日粮+600 IU/kg植酸酶+5 g/kg柠檬酸+500 mg/kg复合碳水化合物酶。试验共开展21 d。结果显示:阳性对照组肉鸡日增重和采食量显著高于阴性对照组(P<0.05);植酸酶组添加碳水化合物酶较单独添加植酸酶组显著提高了肉鸡的日增重(P<0.05);植酸酶+碳水化合物酶较阴性对照组显著改善了料肉比(P<0.05)。阳性对照组较阴性对照组显著提高肉鸡胫骨灰分含量(P<0.05);植酸酶组显著提高了总磷、有效磷和植酸磷的回肠表观消化率(P<0.05),同时植酸酶组添加柠檬酸或碳水化合物酶进一步提高了总磷和植酸磷的回肠表观消化率(P<0.05)。阴性对照组添加植酸酶显著提高了表观代谢能及干物质、总能、氮和总磷的表观沉积量(P<0.05),而植酸酶组添加碳水化合物酶提高了干物质和总磷表观沉积量(P<0.05)。结论:在本试验条件下,低磷、低钙水平日粮添加植酸酶和碳水化合物酶改善了肉鸡生长性能、提高了营养物质的消化率和沉积量,而植酸酶日粮添加柠檬酸可以改善营养物质消化率和沉积量。     

低磷饲粮添加植酸酶对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分表观消化率和骨骼发育的影响

本试验旨在探究低磷(P)饲粮中不同添加量的植酸酶对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分表观消化率和骨骼发育的影响。试验选用35头21日龄断奶、初始均重为(7.62±0.44)kg的健康"杜×长×大"三元杂交仔猪,随机分为5组,每组7个重复,每个重复1头猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在低磷饲粮[前期:钙(Ca)5.1 g/kg,有效磷(AP)2.0 g/kg;后期:钙4.6 g/kg,有效磷1.6 g/kg]中分别添加0、250、500、1 000 FTU/kg植酸酶,试验期21 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,添加1 000 FTU/kg植酸酶显著提高了断奶仔猪第15~21天和第1~21天平均日采食量(ADFI)和平均日增重(ADG)(P0.05),但对料重比(F/G)无显著影响(P0.05)。2)与对照组及低磷饲粮组相比,添加植酸酶显著提高了干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、钙、磷和总能(GE)的表观消化率(P0.05),且1 000 FTU/kg各项指标优于其他试验组。3)与对照组相比,添加1 000 FTU/kg植酸酶显著提高了第3掌骨的骨骼长度(P0.05)。由此可知,玉米-豆粕饲粮中添加植酸酶能够显著改善断奶仔猪的生长性能,提高养分表观消化率,促进仔猪骨骼的发育,节约饲料经济成本;在本试验条件下,21日龄断奶仔猪饲喂有效磷1.6~2.0 g/kg的玉米-豆粕型饲粮时,植酸酶适宜添加量为1 000 FTU/kg。     

断奶仔猪饲粮中添加微生物植酸酶和柠檬酸对钙、磷利用率的影响

本试验研究了在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加微生物植酸酶和柠檬酸对钙、磷利用率的影响。试验采用完全随机设计,将72头体重相近、遗传基础相似的35日龄断奶的杜长大三元杂交仔猪分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复6头猪。试验在相同钙水平基础上设4个处理组。对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮;处理1基础饲粮-50%磷酸氢钙;处理2基础饲粮 植酸酶(500U/kg)-50%磷酸氢钙;处理3基础饲粮 植酸酶(500U/kg) 柠檬酸(0.5%)-50%磷酸氢钙。试验结果表明,(1)添加植酸酶或植酸酶和柠檬酸,钙、磷消化率显著高于对照组;血钙和血磷浓度,各处理与对照组无显著差异。(2)添加植酸酶或植酸酶和柠檬酸不影响血清碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性(P>0.05)。(3)添加植酸酶或植酸酶和柠檬酸使胃中植酸磷消化率极显著提高,粪中磷排出量极显著降低。(4)添加植酸酶或植酸酶和柠檬酸,猪的掌骨灰分和跖骨强度与采食正常磷饲粮的对照组无显著差异。(5)植酸酶与柠檬酸合用较之单添植酸酶有更高植酸磷消化率和更低的粪磷排出量(P<0.05)。总之,在断奶阶段,在猪玉米-豆粕型饲粮中添加植酸酶或植酸酶和柠檬酸可代替部分磷酸氢钙,促进了钙、磷消化利用,促进了骨骼生长,也促进了植酸磷的利用,降低了粪磷排出。植酸酶与柠檬酸合用,有助于提高植酸磷的消化率和降低粪磷排出,存在显著的协同效应。     

南方高温环境下植酸酶对杜长大猪生产性能和钙、磷、蛋白质利用率的影响

本研究选用60头4周龄杜长大断奶仔猪(7.33±0.45kg),评价在我国南方夏季高温环境下植酸酶对高生产性能猪的生物学功效.试验设5个处理组,每个处理组设6个重复(每重复2头猪),饲喂玉米-米糠-豆粕型饲粮.在低磷水平的饲粮(负对照组)中,分别添加250PTU/kg、500PTU/kg、750PTU/kg植酸酶和0.15%无机磷(正对照组),组成5种不同的试验饲粮.试验结果表明植酸酶的添加,显著提高了断奶到育成阶段猪的日增重和采食量;改善了血清无机磷、钙浓度;提高了饲粮中磷、钙的消化率,降低了粪中磷的排放量.试验结果表明,植酸酶可以部分替代断奶到育成阶段猪饲粮中无机磷,并减轻磷对环境的污染.本研究根据植酸酶和无机磷对猪生产性能、血清相关生化指标和饲粮中磷、钙的消化率反应的比较推断,500～750PTU/kg植酸酶即可替代0.15%饲料无机磷.     

磷缺乏日粮添加米糠和植酸酶对生长猪养分利用率及氮磷代谢的影响

文章旨在研究日粮添加不同水平米糠及植酸酶对生长猪养分消化率及钙磷代谢的影响。试验选择48头平均体重为(87.0±2.45)kg的生长猪,随机分为6组,每组4个重复,每个重复2头猪。对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础日粮,处理组用7.5%、15%、30%的米糠替代基础日粮,同时另外两组在对照组和30%米糠组分别添加750IU/kg植酸酶,试验共进行2周,包括1周适应期和1周试验期。结果显示:随着日粮米糠添加水平的升高,干物质、能量、氮、纤维、钙表观消化率显著线性升高(P<0.05),而磷表观消化率显著线性降低(P<0.05)。随着日粮米糠添加水平的升高钙沉积率显著升高(P<0.05),对磷代谢平衡其他指标均具有显著升高的影响(P<0.05),粪氮量显著升高(P<0.05),其他氮平衡指标显著降低(P<0.05)。日粮添加植酸酶显著提了磷、脂肪和钙表观消化率(P<0.05),而米糠添加水平显著提高了养分表观消化率(P<0.05)。米糠替代基础日粮添加植酸酶显著提高了钙沉积率(P<0.05),显著提高了磷的吸收和沉积量(P<0.05)。结论:猪日粮中添加米糠较玉米-豆粕型日粮降低了磷表观消化率,添加植酸酶后可以改善氮、磷代谢。     

低磷日粮中添加植酸酶对生长猪生产性能及饲料中磷、钙和蛋白质表观消化率的影响

本试验研究低磷日粮中添加植酸酶对生长猪生产性能及饲料中磷、钙和蛋白质表观消化率的影响。试验采用2个4×4拉丁方设计,对照组(饲粮中不添加植酸酶)和加酶组(植酸酶浓度为500 FTU/kg饲粮)。以8头始重为35～40 kg的杜长二元杂种阉猪为试材,运用平衡试验法,研究植酸酶对小麦、稻谷和高粱3种植物性饲料中磷、钙和蛋白质表观消化率的影响。试验采用限量饲喂,即在满足维持能量需要的基础上,满足生长能量需要的80%饲喂。结果:①试验猪的平均日增重稍低于该品种正常饲养条件下的平均日增重,但加酶组与对照组比较,试猪的平均日增重均较高。②试验测得,与对照组比较,添加植酸酶使小麦、高粱和稻谷中的总磷表观消化率分别提高27.64%、47.87%和41.84%,3种饲料多重比较差异均极显著(P<0.01);与对照组相比,小麦、高梁和稻谷饲粮组磷的沉积率分别是提高27.98%、47.35%和40.63%,3种饲料多重比较差异均极显著(P<0.01);③钙的表观消化率,加酶组均高于对照组,但差异不显著(P>0.05);④蛋白质的表观消化率,加酶组均高于对照组,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。研究表明,在低磷日粮中添加植酸酶能改善生长猪的生长性能,显著提高饲料原料中磷的表观消化率,也提高了饲粮中钙和蛋白质的表观消化率。     

酶他富(Natuphos)植酸酶对生长猪的生产性能和磷、钙及蛋白质的利用的影响

本试验研究了生长猪饲粮中补充酶他富（Natuphos）植酸酶对其生产性能和磷、钙及蛋白质利用的影响。试验选用48头10周龄兰德瑞斯生长猪（24．61±0．45千克）,设4个试验处理,每个处理设6个重复（每重复2头猪）。试验饲粮如下,饲粮1：含0．6％有效确的饲粮作为正对照;饲粮2：含0．4％有效磷的饲粮作为负对照;饲粮3和4：饲粮2的基础上分别加入500和1000PU／千克酶他富（Natuphos）植酸酶添加剂。试验结果表明,负对照组（处理2）生长猪的增重及来食量均显著低于其他处理组（P＜0．05）．其他处理组之间的增重及采食量差异不显著（P＞0．05）．所有处理组之间的料肉比差异不显著（P＞0．05）;负对照组饲粮植酸酶的添加显著增高了磷、钙的消化率（P＜0．05）;低磷饲粮组（处理2,3和4）猪的粪尿磷排放量显著低于正常磷水平饲粮组（处理1）（P＜0．05）。结果说明,饲粮中植酸酶的添加提高了生长猪的生产性能和磷、钙的消化率．减轻了由于饲粮中无机磷的添加而带来的粪尿磷对环境污染的压力。     

不同剂型植酸酶对育肥猪饲料养分利用率的影响

研究日粮中添加不同剂型植酸酶对生长育肥猪生产性能和饲料养分利用率的影响,选用240头健康的三元杂交(杜×长×大)断奶仔猪,随机分为5组,即正对照组PC(基础日粮,未添加植酸酶)、负对照组NC(降低有效磷水平,未添加植酸酶)及在负对照组日粮中分别添加500U/kg的包衣、粉状和微丸植酸酶(试验T1、T2和T3组),试验期为100d。结果表明:(1)日粮中添加不同剂型植酸酶均可提高猪的平均日增质量和饲料利用率,包衣植酸酶添加效果最好。(2)添加包衣植酸酶能显著提高干物质、能量、粗灰分和磷的消化率,而粗蛋白和钙的利用率差异不显著。(3)添加植酸酶的各处理组中,包衣植酸酶有提高赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和异亮氨酸消化率的趋势,但效果不显著,而其他氨基酸的消化率也无显著变化。结果表明:包衣植酸酶对猪生产性能及饲料养分利用率的效果最好,其次是微丸植酸酶,粉状植酸酶的效果最差。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.