Breeding for drought tolerance: Direct selection for yield, response to selection and use of drought-tolerant donors in upland and lowland-adapted populations

Drought is the most important constraint reducing rice yield in rainfed areas. Earlier efforts to improve rice yield under drought mainly focused on improving secondary traits because the broad-sense heritability (H) of grain yield under drought stress was assumed to be low, however gains in yield by selecting for secondary traits have not been clearly demonstrated in rice. In present study, the effectiveness of direct selection for grain yield was assessed under lowland reproductive stage stress at Raipur in eastern India and under upland reproductive stage drought stress at IRRI. The selection under severe stress (in both upland and lowland trials) resulted in greater gains under similar stress levels (yield reduction of 65% or greater under stress) in evaluation experiments than did selection under non-stress conditions, with no yield reduction under non-stress conditions. We observed similar H of grain yield under stress and non-stress conditions, indicating direct selection for yield under drought will be effective under both lowland and upland drought stresses. None of the secondary traits (panicle exsertion, harvest index, leaf rolling, leaf drying) included in our study showed a higher estimate for H than grain yield under stress. Secondary traits as well as indirect selection for grain yield under non-stress situation were predicted to be less effective in improving yield under drought in both lowland and upland ecosystem than direct selection for grain yield under the respective stress situations. The low, but positive values observed for genetic correlation (r_G) between yield under stress and non-stress indicated that it is possible to combine drought tolerance with high-yield potential but low values also indicated that selection for grain yield needs to be carried under stress environments. The study also indicated that under lowland drought stress, the use of highly drought-tolerant donors, as parents in crosses to high yielding but susceptible varieties resulted in a much higher frequency of genotypes combining high-yield potential with tolerance than did crosses among elite lines with high-yield potential but poor tolerance. Breeding strategies that use drought-tolerant donors and that combine screening for yield under managed drought stress with screening for yield potential are likely to result in the development of improved cultivars for drought-prone rainfed rice producing areas.     

Drought Resistance Improvement in Rice: An Integrated Genetic and Resource Management Strategy

Abstract

Drought is the major constraint to rice production in rainfed areas across Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. In the context of current and predicted water scarcity, increasing irrigation is generally not a viable option for alleviating drought problems in rainfed rice-growing systems. It is therefore critical that genetic management strategies for drought focus on maximum extraction of available soil moisture and its efficient use in crop establishment and growth to maximize biomass and yield. Extensive genetic variation for drought resistance exists in rice germplasm. However, the current challenge is to decipher the complexities of drought resistance in rice and exploit all available genetic resources to produce rice varieties combining drought adaptation with high yield potential, quality, and resistance to biotic stresses. The strategy described here aims at developing a pipeline for elite breeding lines and hybrids that can be integrated with efficient management practices and delivered to rice farmers. This involves the development of high-throughput, high-precision phenotyping systems to allow genes for yield components under stress to be efficiently mapped and their effects assessed on a range of drought-related traits, and then moving the most promising genes into widely grown rice mega-varieties, while scaling up gene detection and delivery for use in marker-aided breeding.     

水稻抗旱研究进展与展望

水稻是我国主要粮食作物之一,整个生长阶段对水分的需求远远大于其它作物。然而随着极端气候以及水资源短缺的影响,干旱已经成为造成农作物产量损失最大的非生物胁迫。全面详细地了解水稻抗旱研究相关内容,有助于抗旱水稻品种的培育。本综述从水稻抗旱筛选方法、筛选指标、干旱胁迫条件下产量及其产量相关性状QTL发掘以及抗旱基因的克隆和应用进行论述,并对水稻抗旱品种的培育进行展望。      

耐旱水稻种质资源的筛选初探

通过分析干旱胁迫灌水与浅水灌溉对照处理条件下水稻生育期、农艺性状及产量性状的变化,探讨了20份水稻种质资源的耐旱性。结果表明:干旱胁迫处理条件下水稻生育期延长,农艺性状及产量因子水平均低于对照处理条件下水平。从抗旱指数与理论产量综合评价,垦01-1387、垦稻12、绥粳3、松粳4、北稻4等品种(系)的抗旱能力相对较强。     

Drought Tolerance in Rice: Focus on Recent Mechanisms and Approaches

Drought stress is a serious limiting factor to rice production,which results in huge economic losses.It is becoming a more serious issue with respect to the global climate change.Keeping in view of the current and forecasted global food demand,it has become essential to enhance the crop productivity on the drought-prone rainfed lands with priority.In order to achieve the production target from rainfed areas,there is a requirement of rice varieties with drought tolerance,and genetic improvement for drought tolerant should be a high priority theme of research in the future.Breeding for drought tolerant rice varieties is a thought-provoking task because of the complex nature and multigenic control of drought tolerant traits would be a major bottleneck for the current research.A great progress has been made during last two decades in our understanding of the mechanisms involved in adaptation and tolerance to drought stress in rice.In this review,we highlighted the recent progresses in physiological,biochemical and molecular adaptation of rice to drought tolerance.A brief discussion on the molecular genetics and breeding approaches for drought tolerance in rice will be focused for the future crop improvement program for development of drought tolerant rice varieties.     

Screening for Osmotic Stress Responses in Rice Varieties under Drought Condition

Drought is the major abiotic stress factor that limits rice production worldwide.To evaluate the osmotic stress responses in rice varieties under drought condition,a total of 42 high-yielding rice varieties were collected from various research stations of Kerala Agricultural University in India.The experimental setup comprises of initial hydroponic treatments at different osmotic potentials,artificially induced by desired strengths of polyethylene glycol(PEG6000),and followed by the pot planted experiments in the rain-out-zone.The activities of antioxidant enzymes,relative water content,cell membrane stability,photosynthetic pigments,proline content,along with plant growth parameters of the varieties under drought condition were evaluated.Moreover,the standard scores of these rice varieties were assessed under stress and recovery conditions based on the scoring scale of the Standard Evaluation System for rice.Among the 42 rice varieties,we identified 2 rice varieties,Swarnaprabha and Kattamodan,with less leaf rolling,better drought recovery ability as well as relative water content,increased membrane stability index,osmolyte accumulation,and antioxidant enzyme activities pointed towards their degree of tolerance to drought stress.The positive adaptive responses of these rice varieties towards drought stress can be used in the genetic improvement of rice drought resistance breeding program.     

应用隶属函数法鉴定水稻的抗旱性

采用隶属函数法对25个水稻材料进行了抗旱性综合评价,结果表明:在干旱处理的情况下,短生育期材料生育期缩短,长生育期材料则延长;有效穗、千粒重、株高、每穗实粒数及单株粒重则普遍下降,但抗旱性强的材料降幅较小.依据隶属函数值,筛选出了8份强抗旱材料,可作为水稻抗旱育种的抗旱资源.     

玉米抗旱育种的研究进展

干旱已经对粮食安全构成了巨大的威胁。玉米抗旱育种是减少干旱造成产量损失的重要途径。本文介绍了一些抗旱的玉米种质资源和选育抗旱玉米品种的方法。轮回选择法是玉米抗旱育种经济有效的方法,在进行轮回选择的过程中运用数学方法评价产量性状,通过第二性状进行玉米抗旱辅助选择,引入权重法构建合理的抗旱模型。回顾和展望了生物技术在玉米抗旱育种中的应用及前景。     

栽培稻抗旱性研究的现状与策略

 水资源短缺正成为制约我国农业发展的重要因素。培育抗旱的栽培稻品种并实现水稻旱作，不但可在很大程度上节约水资源，而且有利于增产稳产，节约能源和减少环境污染。抗旱性包括逃旱性、避旱性、耐旱性和复原抗旱性。形态生理学的研究揭示出大量的与栽培稻抗旱性有关的形态特征和生理特性，如根系和叶片性状、生育期、渗透调节、脱落酸含量与栽培稻抗旱性密切相关，且已利用分子标记对上述性状进行了基因定位（QTL）研究。旱稻品种改良也已取得重大进展。在进行抗旱品种改良的基础上，通过引进相应的栽培技术，节水种植，实现水稻旱作，并达到稳产与增产的目的，是抗旱性研究的战略目标。在增产、稳产和优质的前提下，以培育耐旱性极强的水稻（或旱稻）为中心，建立有代表性的抗旱性研究基地, 进一步加强稻属抗旱基因资源的发掘和创新、抗旱生理学和遗传学的研究、利用现代生物技术实现不同物种间抗旱基因的转移、建立节水种植栽培技术新体系是目前抗旱性研究的主要内容。     

马铃薯资源抗旱性鉴定和筛选

干旱是马铃薯生产的重要限制因子之一.本研究利用42个马铃薯材料(品种),采用正常浇水和干旱胁迫两种理,对供试材料进行了抗旱能力评价.结果表明:虎头和高原7号等四倍体品种以及CE 66和HS 66等二倍体材料抗旱能力较强,其中高原7号和虎头等品种在干旱胁迫下表现出了较高产量,适宜应用于抗旱育种.干旱胁迫下,植株株高普遍降...     

Evaluation of Agronomic Traits in Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines of KDML105 Containing Drought Tolerance QTL under Drought Stress

Drought is a major abiotic constraint to rice production in rainfed lowland and insufficiently irrigated areas.The improvement of drought tolerant varieties is one of the strategies to reduce the negative effects of drought.Quantitative trait loci(QTLs) for primary and secondary traits related to drought tolerance(DT) on chromosomes 1,3,4,8 and 9 that determined from double haploid lines derived from a cross between CT9993 and IR62266 were introgressed and dissected into small pieces in the genetic background of Khao Dawk Mali 105(KDML105) to develop chromosome segment substitution line(CSSL) population.The CSSLs were evaluated at the reproductive stage for their agronomic performance and yield components under drought stress,and results were compared with irrigated condition.The flowering of CSSL lines was 6 to 7 d earlier than KDML105.The mean values of grain yields in the CSSLs were higher than KDML105 under drought and irrigated conditions.At irrigated condition,the grain yields of introgression lines carrying DT-QTLs from chromosomes 4 and 8 were higher than that of KDML105,whereas other traits showed little difference with KDML105.Analysis indicated that grain yield has positive correlation with plant height,tiller and panicle number per plant,and total grain weight per plant under drought stress while negatively correlated with days to flowering.As mentioned above,CSSLs showing good adaptation under drought stress can be used as genetic materials to improve drought tolerance in Thai rainfed lowland rice breeding program,and as materials to dissect genes underlying drought tolerance.     

Response to two cycles of divergent selection for grain yield under drought stress in four rice breeding populations

Drought is a major production constraint in rainfed rice (Oryza sativa L.). Lack of effective selection criteria is a major limitation hampering progress in breeding for drought tolerance. In an earlier report, we showed in two populations that one cycle of direct selection was effective in increasing grain yield under stress. In the present study, we retested the efficiency of direct selection for grain yield under drought stress in rice using four populations derived from crossing upland-adapted, drought-tolerant varieties (Apo, Vandana) to high-yielding, lowland-adapted, drought-susceptible varieties (IR64, IR72). Each population was subjected to two cycles of divergent selection either under drought stress in upland or under nonstress conditions in lowland conditions. Following selection, approximately 40 high-yielding lines selected under each protocol from each population, along with a set of unselected lines, were evaluated in a series of selection response trials over a range of moisture levels. Significant response to direct selection under stress was realized in 9 out of 15 combinations of populations and stress environments, and in 6 of the 7 severe stress trials. Averaging over all the populations and stress environments, the stress-selected lines had a yield advantage of 25 and 37% over nonstress-selected and random lines, respectively. In contrast to this, under nonstress, the nonstress-selected lines had an average yield advantage of only 7 and 13% over stress-selected and random lines, respectively. Direct selection in managed stress trials during dry seasons gave significant response (25% on average relative to indirect selection in nonstress conditions) under naturally occurring wet season stress. In addition, direct selection under stress in upland gave an average gain of 16 and 45% over nonstress-selected and random lines, respectively, under stress in lowland. The yield advantage of the stress-selected lines appears to result mainly from maintenance of higher harvest index. These results show that direct selection for grain yield under stress is effective and does not reduce yield potential. Overall, this is the first report in rice demonstrating that (a) selection under managed drought stress in the dry season can result in yield gains under natural stress in the wet season, and (b) that selection under upland drought stress can, at least under the conditions of the present study, result in gains under lowland drought conditions.     

Response of lowland rice to agronomic management under different hydrological regimes in an inland valley of Ivory Coast

A large proportion of the rice in West Africa is produced in rainfed lowland ecosystems, mainly in inland valleys. The hydrological conditions (duration and intensity of flooding) vary with the toposequence position between the fringe and the centre of the valley. Production methods tend to evolve from the currently predominant unbunded plots without external input use, to input-intensive production in bunded plots. Agronomic management interventions co-evolve and may include varietal choice, herbicide use, and mineral N fertilizer application. The response of rice and the associated weeds to such interventions is likely to vary with the prevailing hydrological regime. A 2-year field experiment was conducted in northern Ivory Coast to determine the impact of water regime (plot position in the valley, presence of bunds) and input use (mineral N fertilizer and herbicide) on the productivity (yield and N use efficiency) of traditional and modern rainfed lowland rice cultivars and the biomass and composition of the associated weeds. Installing field bunds reduced seasonal variations in ponded water depth and resulted in a mean increase in rice grain yield of 30–40% (p < 0.005). This increase was associated with a 25% lower cumulative weed biomass and a several-fold increase in the agronomic use efficiency of applied mineral N in bunded than unbunded plots. Under low input management, traditional varieties tended to out-yield modern varieties in unbunded plots. Improved crop management such as herbicide and fertilizer application, and the construction of field bunds was more effective to increase the yield and N use efficiency in the flooded valley centre than in the drought-prone valley fringes. There is a need for site-specific targeting of modern cultivars, land development and improved production methods in the inland valleys of the West African savanna zone.     

玉米耐旱遗传育种研究及分子育种策略

干旱胁迫一直是玉米产量损失的重要逆境因素。本文结合最新玉米组学研究成果和高通量的数据信息分析平台,从玉米表型和基因型两方面讨论耐旱玉米在遗传及育种实践上的研究进展以及分子育种技术在进行耐旱玉米新品种的选育过程中的新策略,利用新的技术和平台进行耐旱玉米的创新,可为未来提高育种遗传增益以及玉米增产稳产起到重要作用。     

Evaluation of Inherited Resistance Genes of Bacterial Leaf Blight,Blast and Drought Tolerance in Improved Rice Lines

Improved rice lines were developed frome three parents with the resistance or tolerance to bacterial leaf blight, blast and drought stress, respectively, using single-, double- and three-way crosses. The improved lines were assessed for agro-morphological and yield traits under non-drought stress (NS) and reproductive-stage drought stress (RS) treatments. The mean comparison of traits measured between parent plants and progenies (improved lines) were similar, and there were significant and non-significant differences among the parents and improved lines (genotypes) under NS and RS. Smilarly, there was significant and non-significant differences in the interaction among both parent varieties and improved lines for NS and RS. Cluster and 3D-model of principal component analysis did not generate categorical clusters according to crossing methods, and there were no exclusive crossing method inclined variations under the treatments. The improved lines were high-yielding, disease resistant, and drought-tolerant compared with their parents. All the crossing methods were good for this crop improvement program without preference to any, despite the number of genes introgressed.     

玉米耐旱遗传育种研究及分子育种策略

干旱胁迫一直是玉米产量损失的重要逆境因素。本文结合最新玉米组学研究成果,高通量的数据信息分析平台,从玉米表型和基因型两方面重点讨论耐旱玉米在遗传及育种实践上的研究进展,分子育种技术在进行耐旱玉米新品种的选育过程中的新策略,利用新的技术和平台进行耐旱玉米的创新,为未来提高育种遗传增益以及玉米增产稳产起到重要作用。     

浅谈抗旱耐深播高产玉米新品种的利用与开发

玉米杂交种在生产上的应用,大幅度提高了玉米产量,而地处干旱少雨的华北地区,则由于十年九春旱,现有品种难以保证玉米适时下种、高产稳产,直接制约着旱地玉米生产的发展。我所利用具有长根茎特性的印地安蓝粒玉米种质,培育出的抗旱耐深播高产玉米新品种,播深20cm能正常出苗,对我国北方干旱、半干旱地区春播玉米生产的发展有着十分重要的意义。春旱不误适时探墒深播保全苗,伏旱深层根系有水“喝”,从品种上解决了千百年来旱地玉米生产发展缓慢、产量不高不稳的老大难问题。     

大豆抗旱性研究进展

大豆是人类优质蛋白质和食用油脂的重要来源。大豆生长期需水量多,是对缺水最敏感的豆类作物。干旱严重影响大豆产量和品质。抗旱大豆品种在干旱和半干旱地区的大豆生产中起着重要的作用。从干旱对大豆的影响机理、大豆抗旱机制、常用的抗旱性研究方法以及大豆抗旱性评价方法4个方面概述了大豆抗旱性的研究进展。     

干旱胁迫下花生苗期耐旱生理应答特性分析

为探明花生响应干旱胁迫的生理机制,以前期试验筛选的花生耐旱品种NH5和HY22,敏感品种FH18和NH16为试材,研究了干旱胁迫下不同花生品种ROS积累与清除能力,保护酶活性、渗透调节物质积累能力以及根系特征,以明确花生应对干旱胁迫的生理应答特性.结果表明,干旱胁迫导致花生的根系萎蔫皱缩且根系活力下降,植株的过氧化氢含...