奶牛早期妊娠的B型超声诊断

应用实时B超对不同妊娠日龄黑白花奶牛进行早期妊娠检查。早期妊娠检查声像图特点主要表现为胚囊、胚斑和胎心搏动。配种后33 d声像图可以清晰显示胚囊和胚斑,配种后40 d确诊率可达100%。应用B超进行早期妊娠检查具有操作简单、方便,准确率高等特点。     

奶牛妊娠诊断

奶牛配种后早期做出妊娠诊断对减少失配次数,胚胎早期死亡,空怀,缩短产犊间隔,提高繁殖率都具有重要意义。目前,妊娠诊断法种类繁多,但可归纳为三类:临床诊断法;实验室诊断和特殊诊断法。物种不同,妊娠时间不同,选择妊诊法也不同。但无论那种方法其诊断途径是找出母体由于妊娠而出现的某些生理变化。本文只阐明奶牛妊诊的几种常用方法。 1.直肠触摸法此法为奶牛妊娠诊断中最基本、可靠、实用的方法。其特点是准确,快速并能在怀孕早期实施。近50年来一直被应用,现在还被广泛接受。直肠触膜包括: 1.1 触摸卵巢:根据配种记录,配后19—22天未发情时可行直肠触摸卵巢。如一侧卵巢上有发育成熟的功能黄体怀孕的可能性为85％(Hunter,1980);70—90％(Roberts,1986)。Roche等(1978)报导在配种21天时用此法检查准确率达93％;配后21—24天用     

B超在水牛早期妊娠诊断中的应用研究

利用带有 5 .0MHZ直肠探头的兽用便携式B超 ,进行 2 4 2头次水牛的早期妊娠 (≤ 6 0d)诊断 ,确诊阳性准确率为 1 0 0 %,阴性准确率 91 %。最早探测到胚囊、胚斑和胎心博动的时间分别为配种后 1 7,1 9和 31d。     

B超影像学在奶牛早期妊娠诊断中的应用

应用兽用B超仪对224头奶牛在配种后30d内进行了B超扫描早期妊娠诊断,探索了应用兽用B超诊断奶牛早期妊娠的准确率,描绘了奶牛妊娠典型影像图特征。结果表明,奶牛配种30d内应用B超早期妊娠诊断,比直肠检查方法提前30d以上,诊断准确率达98.83%。本试验为牛场应用B超仪进行奶牛早期妊娠诊断提供了参考资料。     

用ELISA测乳汁孕酮进行奶牛的发情检查和早孕诊断的研究

本试验用ELISA测定了101头奶牛配种期0～2天和配种后18～24天的乳汁孕酮含量,提供了牧场分两阶段测试乳样进行奶牛的发情检查和早孕诊断的可行方案。测定的结果经临床检验核实:发情检查的确诊率为100％;配种后20～22天,妊娠牛和空怀牛的确诊率分别为92.1％和96.9％,可疑率为4.0％,总确诊率为89.9％。     

用猪用妊娠诊断剂对山羊进行早期妊娠诊断试验

选择配种后 2 0± 2d的黄淮母山羊 16 4只 ,随机分为试验组 90只和对照组 74只 ,探讨“猪用妊娠诊断剂”对山羊早期妊娠诊断效果。结果表明 ,试验组肌注妊娠诊断剂 ,检出空怀准确率为 92 % (P <0 0 1) ,检出妊娠准确率为 30 % ,而分娩率和双胎率分别低于对照组 5 2 %和33 4 % (P >0 0 5 )。综合分析认为雌激素类妊娠诊断剂不适合于山羊早期妊娠诊断。     

奶牛早期妊娠诊断—应用放射免疫测定乳汁孕酮含量的研究

应用放射免疫测定91头黑白花母牛,(配种后21—28天和42天)的混合全乳的孕酮含量,进行早期妊娠诊断研究。结果显示怀孕与未孕牛之间孕酮值差异非常显著(P<0.01)。据此确定全乳孕酮值的判定标准:>11毫微克/毫升为怀孕,<8毫微克/毫升为未孕,8.1～10.9毫微克/毫升为疑似。经直肠妊检核实,用这标准衡量配后21,23,24天妊娠牛的确诊率分别为85.7％,90.2％,91.4％,未孕牛确诊率是100％,因此,最佳采样时间以配后23—24天为宜。     

母牛的妊娠诊断方法

母牛配种后 ,做好早期妊娠诊断 ,有着重要意义 :因为早期确定怀孕 ,可加强饲养管理 ,做好保胎 ,避免流产 ;还可及时发现没有受孕的母牛 ,可再次进行配种减少空怀。随着兽医诊断技术的发展 ,人们已发现了多种牛的妊娠检查方法 :外部观察法、直肠检查法、阴道检查法、宫颈粘液检查法、超声波诊断法、孕酮含量测定法、免疫学诊断法、早孕因子测定法、血小板计数法、经穴皮温变化法等等。有的适于生产实践 ,有的适用于实验室诊断。理想的妊娠诊断方法 ,应该具备下列条件 :①快速 ,适用于早期妊娠诊断 ;②准确 ,妊娠诊断结果误差小 ;③安全 ,对母…     

人用人绒毛膜促性腺激素检测试纸对奶山羊妊娠诊断效果观察

本文就人用人绒毛膜促性腺激素检测试纸(胶体金法)对奶山羊早期妊娠诊断效果进行了试验观察。结果表明:采用人用人绒毛膜促性腺激素检测试纸对羊进行妊娠诊断,在配种后第40d检测的阳性率为70%(7/10),仅比超声波诊断的怀孕率低10个百分点,对奶山羊早期妊娠诊断有参考意义;配种后第70d检测的阳性率为0(0/9),临床应用价值不大。     

牛妊娠相关糖蛋白ELISA对早期妊娠诊断效果的影响

选取273头荷斯坦奶牛,在人工输精后的28d和75d分别采用牛妊娠相关糖蛋白(PAG)ELISA和直肠检查的方法进行妊娠诊断,比较PAG ELISA和直肠检查法的结果,旨在评价PAG ELISA对配种28d的奶牛进行早期妊娠诊断的准确性。结果表明,PAG ELISA法妊娠诊断的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确性分别为100%、75.5%、86.5%、100%和90.5%,与75d直肠检查结果相同,可用于母牛的早期妊娠诊断。妊娠诊断对于母牛保胎、分群管理及提高繁殖效率等具有非常重要的意义。     

A COMPARISON OF REAL-TIME ULTRASOUND, PALPATION AND RADIOGRAPHY IN PREGNANCY DETECTION AND LITTER SIZE DETERMINATION IN THE BITCH

Fifty-five bitches were examined once, at different intervals for pregnancy. Manual Papation, B-mode real-time ultrasoungraphy, and radiography were used to confirm pregnancy and to count the number of fetuses present. Predicted numbers were compared to whelping data obtained from owners. Radiography was confined to the last trimester of pregnancy and had an overall accuracy of 100% in pregnancy detection and 93% in correct litter size determination. A proor qualtiy radiograph contributed to the one incorrect count estimate. Ultrasound and palpation were used in all three trimester phases starting 3 weeks post coitus. For pregnancy detection ultrasound was 94% accurate (no false positives) and palpation was 88% accurate (one false positive). For fetal counting, ultrasound was 36% accurate and palpation was 12% accurate. Recommendations for the use of ultrasound and radiography in pregnancy evaluation are reviewed.     

Birth of puppies after intrauterine and intratubal insemination with frozen-thawed canine semen

The present study was performed to assess the fertility of frozen-thawed dog semen prepared by freezing with 6% glycerol and thawing at 70℃ for 8 sec, and to evaluate the least number of post-thaw spermatozoa necessary to achieve pregnancy by intrauterine or intratubal artificial insemination. It was found that the pregnancy rate of intrauterine artificial insemination was 100% using 6% glycerol buffer and thawing at 70℃ for 8 sec with 5 × 10⁷ spermatozoa. Even though the pregnancy rate (80%) and the whelping rate (24.5%) in the 5 × 10⁶ spermatozoa inseminated group were lower than those of the 5 × 10⁷ spermatozoa group, conception was confirmed with 5 × 10⁶ spermatozoa. Although the pregnancy rate of intratubal insemination was low (20%) with 4 × 10⁶ spermatozoa, this study is the first report to show the pregnancy rate of intratubal insemination with frozen-thawed ejaculated canine semen. In order to improve the pregnancy rate with intratubal insemination of canine spermatozoa, it is necessary to investigate the optimal insemination site of the uterine tube, the appropriate number of sperm, and the direct effect of buffer on oocytes.     

适龄母牛“短期优饲”与诱导发情处理试验研究

本试验旨在通过对适龄母牛"短期优饲"技术应用,缩短母牛产间距,提高肉牛养殖经济效益。在哈密市伊州区天山乡吐克塔尔养殖专业合作社以圈舍养殖"集中短期优饲"(试验组1)与伊吾县前山乡以"草原放牧+补饲"(试验组2),采用不同的处理方法对适龄母牛进行人工授精改良。结果显示:试验组1筛选60头母牛,发情授精49头,发情率81.6%;试验组2筛选母牛446头,发情受配246头,发情率55.2%,两组相比较差异极其显著(P0.01)。通过B超妊娠检查,试验组1受配牛48头,妊娠42头,试验组2受配母牛抽检209头,妊娠183头;两者受胎率均为87.5%,两组间差异不显著(P0.05)。结论:舍饲"短期优饲"组,母牛发情集中,发情率高,且便于观察和适时授精。     

Pregnancy diagnosis in pigs: a field study comparing linear-array real-time ultrasound scanning and amplitude depth analysis

Between days 24 and 32 after mating/insemination, 881 pigs (785 pregnant and 96 not-pregnant) were tested for pregnancy on a commercial farm with a linear-array real-time ultrasound scanner. 5-7 Days later, 785 of these animals (708 pregnant and 77 not-pregnant) were tested again with A-mode equipment by farm employees. Confirmation of pregnancy was based on recorded farrowings or abortions; confirmation of non-pregnancy was based on return to oestrus and rebreeding, recorded non-farrowing, or inspection of the uterus of culled animals at the slaughterhouse. From the number of correct positive (a), incorrect positive (b), correct negative (c) and incorrect negative (d) diagnoses, a sensitivity (a/a + d) of 100% versus 97.5%, a specificity (c/c + b) of 90.6 versus 55.8%, a positive predictive value (a:a + b) of 98.9% versus 95.3% and a negative predictive value (c:c + d) of 100% versus 70.5% were calculated for the real-time ultrasound technique versus A-mode technique. It was concluded that real-time ultrasound scanning provides a very accurate technique for pregnancy diagnosis in pigs, enabling immediate decision making on treatment or culling of animals diagnosed as non-pregnant.     

Use of transrectal B-mode ultrasound imaging in bovine pregnancy diagnosis

A 3 MHz ultrasonic transducer was used to make pregnancy diagnoses in 320 milk and beef cows and heifers, on average 41 days after the last insemination. The ultrasound diagnostic findings were systematically confirmed by rectal palpation. Signs of pregnancy were detected as early as the 25th day after insemination. Discounting 16 doubtful results, the accuracy of positive diagnosis (94 per cent) was better than negative diagnosis (89.7 per cent). Ultrasound scanning could be used for the study of embryo mortality or for the determination of fetal age.     

The use of milk progesterone and electronic vaginal probes as aids in large dairy herd reproductive management

In a large herd 427 cows were examined for reproductive condition 26 to 34 days after calving. Progesterone profiles were obtained from a total of over 5000 milk samples which were taken twice weekly for 4 weeks, starting at the time of examination, and again 21, 23, and 25 days later. Researchers lived on the farm during the experiment to sample cows and record all data. Electronic probe measurements of cervical-vaginal mucus also were obtained. All cows were inseminated artificially with frozen semen from one organization. Eleven percent of the cows were not inseminated in the estrual phase as determined by substantial concentrations of progesterone in milk (MP), and 2% were pregnant and aborted following insemination. The MP 23 to 25 days after insemination essentially was 100% accurate in predicting nonpregnancy and was preferable to day 21. When used in conjunction with MP on the day of insemination pregnancy prediction 23 to 25 days after insemination was 84% accurate. Non-return rate 60 days after insemination was 7% higher than palpated pregnancy rate. The use of electronic probes under large herd conditions was labor intensive and did not give repeatably distinctive values at estrus.     

Pregnancy diagnosis in pigs: A field study comparing linear‐array real‐time ultrasound scanning and amplitude depth analysis

Summary

Between days 24 and 32 after mating/insemination, 881 pigs (785 pregnant and 96 not‐pregnant) were tested for pregnancy on a commercial farm with a linear‐array real‐time ultrasound scanner. 5–7 Days later, 785 of these animals (708 pregnant and 77 not‐pregnant) were tested again with A‐mode equipment by farm employees. Confirmation of pregnancy was based on recorded farrowings or abortions: confirmation of non‐pregnancy was based on return to oestrus and rebreeding, recorded non‐farrowing, or inspection of the uterus of culled animals at the slaughterhouse. From the number of correct positive (a), incorrect positive (b), correct negative (c) and incorrect negative (d) diagnoses, a sensitivity (a/a + d) of 100% versus 97.5%, a specificity (c/c + b) of 90.6 versus 55.8%, a positive predictive value (a:a + b) of 98.9% versus 95.3% and a negative predictive value (c:c + d) of 100% versus 70.5% were calculated for the real‐time ultrasound technique versus A‐mode technique.

It was concluded that real‐time ultrasound scanning provides a very accurate technique for pregnancy diagnosis in pigs, enabling immediate decision making on treatment or culling of animals diagnosed as non‐pregnant.     

The use of ultrasound in monitoring reproductive physiology of beef cattle.

Real-time, B-mode ultrasonography provides the opportunity to improve the methods of evaluation of ovarian function and diagnoses of pregnancy in beef cattle. Determination of the sex of a fetus early in pregnancy (d 55 to 85) and verification of embryo viability by monitoring fetal heartbeat are unique methods involving ultrasound scanning. These techniques and a method for evaluating the technique of artificial insemination can be used to improve reproductive management of cattle. The way in which ultrasound technology may have its greatest impact is as a tool for improving on the method of palpation per rectum for monitoring ovarian function and pregnancy in beef cows and heifers. Determination of fetal sex and monitoring embryo mortality are less likely to be applied regularly in herd management, but these procedures will be valuable in conducting research in reproductive physiology of beef cattle.     

Use of a high frequency transducer with real time B-mode ultrasound scanning to identify early pregnancy in cows

The reproductive tracts of 22 Friesian dairy cows were examined from seven to 35 days after insemination using a real time B-mode ultrasound scanner with a 7.5 MHz transducer. The earliest detection of pregnancy was at nine days when a vesicle was imaged within the lumen of the uterine horn. The early conceptus was seen at day 13 within the vesicle and these structures were followed ultrasonically until day 35. There was a sudden enlargement of the vesicle at day 19 and a heart beat was detected in the embryo at day 22. The allantois was imaged at day 23 and the amnion by day 29. The embryonic outline was clearly defined by day 33 when the body cavities could be discerned. This ability to determine pregnancy at an early stage should prove to be a useful technique in investigating the problems associated with early embryonic death in cattle.