黑龙江省大豆新品系抗灰斑病鉴定初报

2006年采用人工喷雾接种鉴定方法,对黑龙江省大豆新品系进行抗大豆灰斑病鉴定筛研究,鉴定出2份高抗大豆灰斑病的新品种,它们是:东农03-8784、绥00-1053,占供试材料的2.78%.;鉴定出8份抗病大豆新品系,它们是:哈交20-5489、黑河00-1368、垦01-3273、农大05089、农大25146、农大25299、农大25710、绥99-3213,占供试材料的11.11%;45份中抗灰斑病的大豆新品系,占供试材料的62.50%;其它是感病或高感材料.     

黑龙江省大豆新品系抗灰斑病鉴定结果

试验是从1987－2000年14年间对黑龙江省各大豆育种单位育成的新品系在进入区试或生试阶段统一进行抗灰斑病鉴定。对供试的638份大豆品系鉴定结果表明，高抗品系55份，抗病品系80份，中抗品系210份，感病和高感品系303份。对鉴定结果进一步分析看出，1994年以前的大豆新品系抗病性明显好于1994年以后的，1994年以前高抗、抗病、中抗、感病和高感材料的百分率分别为22.7%、11.2%、29%、37%；1994年以后高抗、抗病、中抗、感病和高感材料分别为0.2%、11.5%、38.7%、49.6%，其中高抗材料所占比例明显下降，中抗和感病材料所占比例明显上升。     

栽培大豆种质资源对大豆菌核病的抗性评价

采用离体叶柄接种法鉴定了200份栽培大豆高世代品系对大豆菌核病菌株Jia30和Jian29的抗感反应.结果表明:在所有的参鉴材料中没有发现免疫类型,但各品系间抗性有一定的差异.供试200个品系中既表现抗Jia30菌株义表现抗Jian29菌株的材料占供试材料的2%;抗Jia30菌株的材料占3%;抗Jian29菌株的材料占5%,根据抗性资源筛选结果,这些抗性材料可合理地用于大豆生产,并为大豆抗病育种亲本选择和利用品种布局进行大豆菌核病生态控制提供了依据.     

江淮大豆育种种质对细菌性斑点病S1菌株的抗性鉴定

大豆细菌性斑点病是江淮地区大豆生产中常见病害,但大豆种质资源抗性水平及抗源鉴定工作较少。本研究采用对大豆叶片正反面高压喷雾的接种方法鉴定了江淮地区309份育成品种(系)及亲本材料对大豆细菌性斑点病生理小种S1的抗感反应。结果表明:供试材料抗性差异明显,分别鉴定出高抗和中抗材料61和68份,占总数的19.74%和22.1%,表现为感病和高感的材料共有180份,占总数的58.25%。适合淮北和淮南地区种植的140和169份品种(系)中,抗病材料(高抗+中抗)分别有68和61份,感病材料(感病+高感)分别有72和108份,江淮淮北地区抗病品种(系)的比例高于淮南地区。供试材料抗性反应等级与成熟期等性状存在相关性。同时还发掘出徐豆18、南农99-6等高抗品种,及具有高蛋白、高油特性的优质抗性种质材料。     

大豆品种对大豆细菌性斑疹病的抗性

在田间抗病性调查的基础上,采用叶背喷雾和上部叶片摩擦接种的方法连续2 a鉴定了142份栽培大豆品种(系)对大豆细菌性斑疹病菌株S1的抗感反应.结果表明:在所有的参试材料中,各品种或品系间抗性有一定的差异.供试142个品系中,24份材料表现为高度抗病,占鉴定总数的16.9%;19份材料表现为中度抗病,占鉴定总数的13.4...     

河南省大豆新品系抗紫斑病鉴定初报

对河南省52份大豆新品系在2004年进行大豆紫斑病菌的混合菌种接种鉴定抗性分析鉴定初步结果为:高抗的0份;抗病的1份,占供试材料的1.92%;中抗的32份,占供试材料的61.54%;感病的19份,占供试材料的36.54%。不同的地区,抗性表现有一定差异。     

2009-2015年安徽省大豆试验新品系对SMV和SCN的抗性评价

利用黄淮地区广范分布的优势大豆花叶病毒(soybean mosaic virus,SMV)株系SC3、SC7和大豆胞囊线虫1号生理小种,分别对2009-2015年安徽省大豆区试和预试参试品种(系)523份(次)进行抗病性评价.结果显示:对SC3表现抗病(高抗、抗病和中抗)的材料有262份,占参试材料总数的50.1％;抗SC7的材料有274份,占52.4％;同时对SC3和SC7表现高抗的材料仅有HD21116.同时发现参加安徽省区试预试的大豆新品种(系)在不同年份间对SMV的病情指数存在显著差异.对SCN的抗性结果显示,远育8号、阜09-242和SK8-3-3等8份表现中抗,占鉴定总数的1.8％,表现中感的有43份,占9.9％,有383份材料表现高感,占鉴定总数的比率高达88.3％,说明多数大豆品种(系)对SCN的综合抗性较差.对鉴定结果的综合分析发现,只有1份新品系同时对SMV和SCN表现中抗,为SK8-3-3.     

黑龙江省大豆细菌性斑点病菌生理小种鉴定及抗性资源筛选

根据在国际通用鉴别品种上的反应,采用室内幼苗接种鉴定的方法,将黑龙江省38个供试的大豆细菌性斑点病菌菌株划分为1号、4号、3号和7号,其中4号小种为优势小种,占供试菌株的86.67%.本试验采用针刺接种方法用4号优势生理小种接种鉴定108个栽培大豆品种和育成品系,研究结果表明:东北三省育成的品种或品系存在着抗源,供试108个品种中抗病资源比例为13.89%,中抗比例为22.2%,根据抗性资源筛选结果,可合理地用于大豆生产和抗病育种.     

大豆新品系抗SMV鉴定及其抗性来源分析

大豆花叶病毒(soybean mosaic virus,SMV)病是危害我国大豆生产的主要病害之一。利用黄淮大豆产区的SMV优势株系SC3和SC7对选育的394份大豆高世代新品系进行抗病性评价并分析其抗性来源。结果表明:对SC3株系表现高抗的品系有120份,占试验品系总数的30.46%;高抗SC7株系的品系有80份,占20.30%;对SC3和SC7株系都表现高抗的品系有64份,占鉴定品系数的16.24%。如大豆新品系H20443、H21660、H22501、Y50574和Y52933等通过审定后用于大田的生产将对SMV的流行起到控制作用。对选育的大豆新品系进行抗性来源分析可以发现,RT(抗病型)×RT组合获得抗病型后代品系的概率最高,其后依次为RT×IT(中间型)RT×ST(感病型)IT×RTIT×ITST×RTST×IT,后代品系出现抗病型概率最低的组合是ST×ST。这些结果可为大豆新品系的选育和抗病育种亲本的组配提供参考依据。     

北方春大豆品系对灰斑病7号生理小种的抗性

为详细了解我国近几年来育成的北方春大豆品系对灰斑病的抗性表现,对来自2003～2006年200份大豆品系的灰斑病7号生理小种抗性数据进行了整理,统计分析北方春大豆整体的抗性情况和各省育成的北方春大豆品系抗性表现及年度间的动态变化.结果表明近4年北方春大豆品系灰斑病抗性总体表现良好,但仍有13.6%感病品系存在;黑龙江省参试品系的总体表现最好,抗性品系较多,感病和高感品系很少,而且具有丰富的免疫材料;吉林省缺乏抗性好的品系,感病的多且呈逐年增多的趋势;辽宁抗性品系多,但感病,尤其是高感的多,但高感品系年度间呈现显著下降趋势.其它省区的春大豆,免疫和抗病品系少,高感品系多,但近年来,抗病材料在不断提高,高感材料不断下降.该研究对于今后大豆灰斑病抗性育种和大豆品种审定及推广有重要的指导意义.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.