玻璃化冷冻体外成熟牛卵母细胞的尝试

通过两个试验对体外培养成熟的牛卵母细胞进行玻璃化冷冻。试验１用１０％丙二醇（ＰＧ）加上不同浓度（０％～２０％）的乙二醇（ＥＧ）作为细胞内玻璃化溶液（ＶＳ１），２５％ＰＧ＋２５％ＥＧ作为细胞外玻璃化溶液（ＶＳ２）对卵母细胞进行冷冻。结果卵母细胞的体外受精分裂率（０．９％～２３．４％）均显著低于对照组（７５．０％）。在处理组中，以１０％ＰＧ＋５％ＥＧ和１０％ＰＧ＋１０％ＥＧ作为ＶＳ１的效果较好，分裂率分别为２３．４％和２２．２％，均显著高于其他处理组。试验２以１０％ＰＧ＋５％ＥＧ作为ＶＳ１，２５％ＰＧ＋２５％ＥＧ作为ＶＳ２进行冷冻。解冻后在０．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ或０．２５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ蔗糖溶液中１～２步或在含防冻剂的溶液中经２～３步稀释防冻剂。卵母细胞经体外受精后，分裂率在１８．２％～３０．６％之间。在０．２５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ蔗糖溶液中一步脱防冻剂的卵母细胞经体外受精、体外培养后，２５个早期胚胎中有３个发育成囊胚，其它组均未发现囊胚。这些结果表明玻璃化过程对卵母细胞造成了损伤。引起损伤的原因可能是玻璃化溶液的化学毒性作用及脱防冻剂过程中卵母细胞受到的渗透压损伤。     

自控温室气象条件对甜椒产量的影响

根据上海东海蔬菜示范基地１９９６～１９９７年２茬甜椒产量资料及同期温室内的气象资料,运用数理统计方法分析气象条件对甜椒产量的影响,初步得出温室中甜椒生长关键期的适宜气象指标为播种约３０ｄ日最低温度为１４．５～１５．０℃,日最高温度２５．０～２５．５℃,ＣＯ２浓度４００～４５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ;播种后加热管温度５０℃;而播种后１０ｄ左右相对湿度维持在７５％,８０ｄ左右光照强度为６～６．５万１ｘ。     

10%大功臣可湿性粉剂对秧苗期稻瘿蚊的防效试验

在室内人工接虫条件下，１０％大功臣可湿性粉剂对旱育、水育秧稻瘿蚊的防效，拌种的每ｋｇ干种子拌以药剂５～１０ｇ，防效为９５．８％～１００％，且持续期可达２０ｄ以上；喷雾７５０～９００ｇ／ｈｍ＾２的，防效为９２．４％～１００％；撒毒土９００～１０５０ｇ／ｈｍ＾２的，防效为８２．０％～９２．４％。喷雾和撒毒土的最佳用药时机为幼虫入侵秧苗前、后３～４ｄ。     

卵丘细胞对牛卵母细胞体外成熟和体外受精的影响

本试验探讨了卵母细胞周围不同类型的卵丘细胞对牛卵母细胞体外成熟、受精及其随后的胚胎发育的影响。卵母细胞周围一般都含有多层卵丘细胞。按卵丘细胞的层数及形态将卵母细胞大致分为５类：（１）无卵丘细胞；（２）有２～３层卵丘细胞；（３）有４～５层卵丘细胞；（４）有６层以上卵丘细胞；（５）异常者（即卵母细胞外周有较厚的透明胶状物而无正常卵丘细胞）。以上５种卵母细胞经体外成熟培养并受精后，其卵裂率（分别为：４８．８％，７０．９％，８４．４％，８２．１％，６８．２％）及囊胚发育率（分别为：０．０％，１７．８％，３３．３％，５４．６％，２５．０％）除异常者外均随着卵丘细胞层数的增加而提高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。对含有２～６层卵丘细胞的卵母细胞成熟后进行不同程度的剥离处理。然后按剥离程度分为３组：（１）全部剥离；（２）仅剩放射冠；（３）放射冠外有２～３层卵丘细胞。受精后３组间的卵裂率无显著差异（分别为：８１．７％，８５．２％，８４．４％）。而囊胚发育率（分别为：１６．８％，２３．８％，２３．４％），全部剥离组明显低于其他两组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。试验结果表明卵丘细胞对卵母细胞的体外成熟有促进作用，从而影响随后的受精及胚胎发育。     

秸秆覆盖对苹果水分利用效率影响的研究初报

根据１９９２～１９９４年北方旱区农业综合发展研究寿阳试验区的定位试验资料，研究、分析了秸秆覆盖对苹果水分利用效率的影响。结果表明，覆盖能使土壤具有技好的保水性能，６月份以前，覆盖地土壤湿度比对照高２．０％，７月份以后，平均提高４．０％～６．０％；覆盖改善了土壤的温度状况，使土壤有利于根系生长的时间较对照长４０ｄ左右；覆盖有利于苹果的生长发育，覆盖处理苹果的干周生长量、新梢生长量和叶面积分别比对照提高２６．０％、２８．８％和４０．２％，单果重、产量和水分利用效率分别比对照提高５．５％、１７．２％和１７．３％。因此，秸秆覆盖能使我国北方旱农地区有限的降水资源得到有效的利用，是提高苹果产量的有效途径之一。     

不同发育阶段和质量的牛体外受精胚胎冷冻后的效果

胚胎的冷冻是用二步降温法，将胚胎降至－２５℃，并直接投入液氮。试验Ⅰ，将６～８日龄的牛胚胎置于显微镜下，按发育期把胚胎分成桑椹胚、早期囊胚、囊胚、扩展囊胚四个阶段，然后分别平衡在１．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ甘油＋０．２５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ蔗糖ＰＢＳ液中，２０ｍｉｎ后进行冷冻。解冻后，各阶段的胚胎孵化率分别为：２９．０％，７３．２％，７４．６％，６１．２％。桑椹胚的孵化率极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）地低于其它三个阶段的胚胎，其它三个阶段之间无显著差异（（Ｐ＞０．０５）。试验Ⅱ，将７日龄的囊胚，在显微镜下鉴定质量并分为１～５级，仅１，２级胚胎用于冷冻。试验结果表明：每管装２枚胚胎时，有１枚胚胎以上孵化的细管数，１级的有９３．８％（４５／４８），２级的有７７．４％（２４／３１），它们之间差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。每管装３枚胚胎时，有２枚胚胎以上孵化的细管数，１级的有８７．５％（４２／４８），２级的有６８．０％（１７／２５），二者间差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。本研究结果表明：不同阶段和质量的牛体外培养胚胎冷冻后对存活率有显著的影响。     

黄土高原水土保持世行贷款项目减水减沙效益计算

世界银行中国黄土高原水土保持项目区截至１９９２年底止，已完成综合治理措施面积２９．８１万ｈｍ２，占区内水土流失面积的２．３％，现状减水效益已达６．５％～１７．６％，减沙效益已达９．４％～２５．８％。采用水保法计算减水效益和减沙效益，得出项目区水土保持治理措施计划全部实施后的第一年治理栏度可达６０．４％，可减少径流１．ｌｌ亿ｍ３，累计减水效益可达２１．３％～４３．２％，年可减少入黄泥沙３５６０万ｔ，累计减沙效益可达３０％～５３％。项目经济分析期３０年的减水量约２５．８８亿ｍ３．减沙量大致在９亿：左右。这对改善当地生态环境和生产条件以及黄河下游的治理开发、都具有主要作用。     

甘蔗增糖增产剂试验结果

１９９３年９月下旬至１０月中旬，采用广西农业大学研制、生产的甘蔗增糖增产剂在对旱地和水田蔗的５个品种进行试验，喷药后４０～９０ｄ测定１３个点的甘蔗蔗糖分，平均比对照提高１．３０％（绝对值），甘蔗产量增加５８５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２；８月份和９月份追施氮肥的甘蔗增糖增产较显著，甘蔗蔗糖分提高１．６９％（绝对值），增产１０３５１．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２；８月份和９月份不追肥的甘蔗．喷施增糖增产剂的效果相对较差。平均来说，糖厂增利２５８２．２５元／ｈｍ２，农民增收８１９元／ｈｍ２。     

石膏改良苏打盐碱土研究

采用盆栽与田间试验相结合的方法（试验共设６个处理：即石膏用量０、０．５、１．０、１．５、２．０、２．５ｋｇ／ｍ２）研究了石膏的改良盐碱土作用．结果表明：施用石膏后增加了玉米的保苗数，促进了水稻分蘖及玉米、水稻的生长发育，土壤ｐＨ明显降低，水旱田土壤硬度明显降低，旱田玉米土壤三相比普遍改善，根系干重明显增加，土壤中的二价离子增多，一价离子减少，ＥＳＰ普遍降低，土壤化学性质明显改善．秋收测产表明：玉米单产增加１２．５８～４４．３１％，水稻单产增加６．８３～２９．８６％．     

牛体外受精胚胎在不同温度下保存后的存活率

本研究探讨了保存温度和保存时间对牛体外受精胚胎存活率的影响。试验１测定第７，８ｄ的囊胚分别在４℃，２０℃和３９℃下保存（或培养）４～６ｈ，２４ｈ和４８ｈ后在体外培养的孵化率。在４℃下保存的胚胎的孵化率分别为７１．２％，５７．１％及２７．０％，显著低于对照组（８７．８％，Ｐ＜０．０１）。在２０℃和３９℃下保存（或培养）４～６ｈ不影响胚胎孵化率（分别为８４．９％，８５．９％），但保存２４ｈ和４８ｈ后，孵化率均显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）。试验２用ＰＲＩＤ阴道栓处理青年母牛，使其发情同期化，在发情开始后的第７ｄ，用非手术法给每头母牛移植２枚在２０℃下保存３～７ｈ或１８～２４ｈ的囊胚。移植保存３～７ｈ的胚胎获得的妊娠率、双胎率分别为７１．０％和５０．０％；移植保存１８～２４ｈ的胚胎的妊娠率显著降低（４１．５％），但双胎率（４１．２％）与保存３～７ｈ者无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.