梨栽培品种SSR鉴定及遗传多样性

应用SSR技术对梨41个栽培品种进行遗传多样性分析, 12对SSR引物扩增出114个等位基因, 平均每个位点915个。位点杂合度在0.1517～0.7079之间, 遗传多样性指数为0.4630。用两对引物(BGT23b和CHO2D11) 即可区分除芽变品种之外的全部供试品种。系统聚类分析将41个梨品种分为2大类, 即西洋梨和东方梨。原产中国的秋子梨、白梨和部分砂梨品种归类相互交错; 库尔勒香梨和其他新疆梨聚在一起; 我国砂梨品种宝珠梨、德胜香, 日本砂梨品种新世纪、丰水以及韩国砂梨品种黄金梨聚在一起。秋白与蜜梨, 南果梨与满园香、秋子、八里香相似系数高, 分别属于同一品种群。金花梨与金川雪、苍溪雪起源演化相关。     

中国红皮砂梨品种的SSR标记分析

采用SSR (Simp le sequence repeat) 标记技术对29个砂梨品种或类型(主要为红皮型) 做了鉴定, 并对其亲缘关系进行了分析。6对SSR引物(BGA35、KU10、BGT23b、NH004a、NH011b和NH015a)均扩增出了较多的等位基因。NH004a位点的等位基因数、有效等位基因、杂合度和香农多样性指数都较高,显示了良好的品种鉴定能力。除3对品种或类型可能为同物异名或芽变类型无法区分开外, 6对引物组合可以成功地鉴定其它品种。聚类分析可以将29个砂梨品种(类型) 明显分成4个组。第Ⅰ组全部来自云南, 其中包括2个绿皮砂梨品种, 其余为红皮砂梨, 说明该组内红皮砂梨的祖先可能与这些绿皮砂梨亲缘关系很近。在第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组中, 来自四川会理的红梨品种和云南的红梨品种交叉组合, 可能是两地间品种交流的历史反映。第Ⅳ组中来自四川会理的‘香酥梨’、‘栽秧梨’, 原产云南弥渡的‘弥渡香酥梨’以及原产云南丽江的‘长水火把梨’相互间及与其它梨的亲缘关系均较远。分布在云南各地的火把梨可能有不同的起源。     

甘肃中部梨种质资源的AFLP分析

采用AFLP分子标记技术对甘肃中部梨种质资源的遗传多样性进行分析。结果表明,6对AFLP引物在40份甘肃梨种质中共扩增出472条带,其中多态性带为404条,多态率高达86%,显示了甘肃中部梨资源丰富的遗传多样性。任何一对引物可以鉴别所有40份资源,显示了很高的鉴别能力。采用UPGMA聚类分析法构建的系统树在相似系数为0.72时将40份种质分为7个组:西洋梨、新疆梨、白梨(砂梨)、木梨、褐梨组和2个秋子梨组。所有白梨品种与唯一的砂梨品种黄花梨聚为一个大组。形态学上归属不明的品种分别聚类到西洋梨、白梨、木梨和秋子梨组中。研究表明基于AFLP标记的梨资源分类体系可以反映甘肃地方梨品种和类型间的遗传多样性和亲缘关系。     

贵州地方梨品种资源遗传多样性ISSR分析

【目的】探讨贵州地方梨品种资源的亲缘关系和遗传多样性,为品种资源的开发利用、品种鉴定提供理论依据。【方法】采用ISSR标记研究48份梨品种的遗传多样性。【结果】12对ISSR引物在48个梨品种中扩增出126个位点,其中多态性位点114条,多态性比率(PPB)为90.48%;所检测品种群体具有中等程度的遗传多样性,有效等位基因数Ne为1.487 4,Nei’s的遗传多样性指数(He)为0.285 2,Shannon信息指数(I)为0.430 7。采用NTsys 2.10e软件计算种质间Jaccard遗传相似系数,48个梨品种的遗传相似性分析表明,各基因型间的Jaccard相似系数为0.484~0.952。通过非加权算术平均数聚类法(UPGMA),绘制了48个梨品种遗传关系树状图。以0.67为阈值,将48份材料分为3大类群。【结论】供试48个梨品种遗传多样性丰富,大部分的砂梨品种聚在一起,白梨品种聚在一起。研究中发现,白梨和砂梨系统品种间存在广泛的种间杂交现象,种质之间渗入程度较大,但个别品种间的聚类结果与实际情况有所出入。     

基于叶绿体DNA信息的南方梨属种质的遗传多样性和演化分析

选取5个叶绿体DNA非编码区trnL-trnF-1、trnL-trnF-2、trnS-psbC、accD-psaI、rps16-trnQ和1个基因区域rbcL,对中国秦岭淮河以南地区的梨（Pyrus L.）资源进行遗传多样性和演化分析。将188份梨资源的测序结果整合得到长度为5 612 bp（包含缺失片段）,共检测出13个单倍型、4个单一突变位点、16个简约性信息位点和14个插入/缺失片段（InDels）,单倍型多样性Hd为0.7178,核苷酸多样性为0.35 × 10-3。accD-psaI区域的分析结果显示该区域的Hd值最高,为0.7177;rbcL区域的Hd值最低,为0.0317。其中162份梨资源检测出12个单倍型,Hd为0.713,核苷酸多样性为0.29 × 10-3;梨的不同地理群体中湖南省的10个梨地方品种的Hd最高,为0.889;来自贵州省的8个品种的Hd最低,为0。138份砂梨地方品种共检测出8个叶绿体单倍型,其中单倍型H2、H4和H5在130份砂梨和37份白梨品种中检测到,单倍型H6、H10、H11、H12和H13在8份砂梨地方品种‘青皮钟’、‘甜宵梨’、‘细花红梨’、‘惠阳红梨’、‘麝香梨’、‘塘湖青’、‘红粉’和‘横县浸泡梨’中检测到。Median-joining Network图显示单倍型H6和H11为古老单倍型,H1、H4和H5为较进化的单倍型。根据叶绿体DNA序列变异信息可推测秦岭淮河以南地区的砂梨和白梨亲缘关系较近,同时来自湖南地区的砂梨种质资源具有丰富的遗传多样性。     

我国野生梨和栽培品种染色体数目观察

用去壁低渗法观察了梨5个野生种的11个类型,4个栽培种的210个品种和21个新品种(系)的染色体数目。发现野生种的木梨也有三倍体类型。原产我国的秋子梨、白梨、砂梨和新疆梨与原产欧州、日本的西洋梨、砂梨品种一样都分别有自己的多倍体,占研究材料总数的5.2％。白梨类古老品种鸭梨的多倍性,依来源和类型而异。晋县大鸭梨的四倍体和赵县、怀来大鸭梨2x、4x嵌合体,其大果性状都能遗传,可以作为梨树育种的大果型种质材料。     

应用RAPD分析新疆主要梨品种的遗传关系

利用RAPD分析了新疆18个梨品种间的亲缘关系。从160个随机十聚体引物中筛选出12条RAPD引物。18份材料共扩增133条带,平均每条引物扩增约11条带,其中14条带为所有材料的共有带,有119个多态性位点,占总带数的89.47%,Nei相似系数为0.5～0.923。用PHYLIP构建MP树,认为(1)对选用的形态学经典分类已较明确的新疆梨、白梨、砂梨、西洋梨、秋子梨,RAPD分析数据完全与其相符;(2)几个芽变品种间高度相似;(3)杂种新梨1号与砀山梨、杂种新梨6号与香梨、杂种早酥梨与苹果梨分别并类;(4)苹果梨独立于供试的5个种之外;(5)库尔勒香梨归属于新疆梨。     

不同梨品种的AFLP分子鉴别

利用8对引物对30个梨品种进行AFLP分析。结果表明:共检测到203个标记,其中多态性标记为135条,占所有标记数的66.5%,证明不同梨品种在DNA水平上存在广泛的遗传差异。根据AFLP标记结果计算不同梨品种间的遗传距离,通过聚类,发现所有品种聚为4个组:第1组主要是日本梨及与日本梨有亲缘关系的部分品种;第2组为中国砂梨品种;第3组只有2个品种:黄冠梨和清香梨,它们的一个共同亲本为新世纪梨;第4组是康德梨,其亲本中有1个是西洋梨,被单独聚为一类。从聚类结果看,不同的品种之间表现出了一定的地域相关性。     

鸢尾属部分园艺品种遗传多样性的ISSR分析

以34份鸢尾属园艺品种为试材,采用ISSR分子标记方法,研究鸢尾属园艺品种的遗传特性及亲缘关系。结果表明:10个ISSR随机引物检测到153个多态位点,多态性条带比例为100%,表明供试材料具有丰富的遗传多态性。各品种之间的DICE遗传相似系数在0.148~0.657之间,平均相似系数为0.365。由聚类分析可知,当遗传系数为0.354时,可将供试材料分为4个品种群。其中Ⅰ群有21个品种,全部为须毛状附属物亚属的德国鸢尾。Ⅱ群有4个品种,包括无附属物亚属的西伯利亚鸢尾和2个花菖蒲品种。Ⅲ群有4个品种,包括2个花菖蒲品种以及2个从荷兰引进的德国鸢尾。Ⅳ群为无附属物亚属的路易斯安那鸢尾品种群。主坐标分析所反映的关系和UPGMA聚类图相似。     

南方砂梨简易棚架栽培技术

我国南方地区栽培的梨属于砂梨系统或具有砂梨遗传因子的杂交类型 ,即砂梨品种群。比较分析我国南方部分砂梨产区与日本砂梨产区的气象因子后认为 ,我国南方砂梨采用棚架式栽培具有独特优势 ,同时总结了简易棚架的搭建和配套栽培技术。1　我国南方砂梨产区的气候特点　　一般认为我国砂梨的适栽区在秦岭、淮河以南地区 ,主要包括长江流域及以南诸省。该区域年平均气温 14 6～ 2 3 0℃ ,1月平均气温 1 1～10 0℃ ,年降水量 80 1～ 190 0mm。在日本 ,砂梨主要分布在山形、福岛等东北部到九州中部 ,主要产区有鸟取、千叶、福岛、茨城和…     

An assessment of genetic variability and relationships within Asian pears based on AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) markers

A total of 100 Pyrus L. accessions native mainly to East Asia were subjected to amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis to evaluate genetic variability and relationships among the accessions. Six AFLP primer combinations produced a total of 459 fragments, of which 410 were polymorphic with a polymorphism percentage of 89%. The Dice's similarity coefficient among pear accessions ranged from 0.671 (P. betulaefolia Bge and P. elaeagrifolia Pall.) to 0.947 (‘Umajirou’ and ‘Immuraaki’). Occidental pears generally had low similarities to Asian pears. The dendrogram generated from all the accessions by unweighted pair-group method of arithmetic analysis (UPGMA) cluster analysis clearly distinguished Occidental pears from accessions of East Asia. P. ussuriensis Maxim., P. betulaefolia and P. communis L. clustered separately into independent groups in accordance with their morphological classification. Japanese pear cultivars formed two groups with some Chinese white pears and Chinese sand pears. Chinese white pears and Chinese sand pears independently formed their own groups and also mingled into mixed groups in the dendrogram. Therefore, Chinese white pears were treated as a cultivated group or an ecotype of P. pyrifolia: P. pyrifolia White Pear Group. The information obtained from this study will be of great help for understanding the origin and evolution of Asian pear cultivars.     

梨属植物分类的历史回顾及新进展

一般相信梨属植物的原种起源于第三纪的我国西部和西南部的山区。根据其原生分布,分为东方梨和西方梨。由于梨属植物分布范围广,加上梨属种间很容易发生自然杂交,梨属植物的分类至今仍存在很多问题。被大多数植物分类学家所认可的种大约在30个左右。我国是东方梨种的主要起源地,我国分类学家相信有13个种起源于我国。不仅如此,我国也是世界上梨品种类型最多的国家。主栽系统有砂梨、白梨、秋子梨和新疆梨等。最新的分子生物学证据表明,白梨、砂梨和日本梨系统可能起源于共同的祖先:分布于我国长江流域的野生砂梨。考虑到白梨在我国梨栽培中的重要地位,建议用Pyruspyrifoliavar.sinensis(Lindley)TengetTanabe来表示白梨系统。     

Genetic relationships of pear cultivars in Xinjiang,China, as measured by RAPD markers

Summary

Thirteen native pear species have been identified in China, of which P. armeniacaefolia Yu and P. sinkiangensis Yu are specific to Xinjiang. P. armeniacaefolia grows wild and a few cultivars have been assigned to this species. Cultivars of P. sinkiangensis have been suspected to be of hybrid origin involving P. communis L. and P. bretschneideri Rehd. In this study, traditional pear cultivars in Xinjiang were evaluated using RAPD markers and compared with representatives of Occidental pear species, cultivars of P. communis and East Asian pear accessions. The combination of 72 pear accessions and 20 selected primers produced 231 scorable polymorphic RAPD bands, of which some were specific to certain species. Five main groups of pear accessions could be distinguished from UPGMA analysis: 1) P. xerophila Yu, its relatives and one cultivar of P. ussuriensis Max., 2) cultivars of P. sinkiangensis, 3) cultivars of P. pyrifolia Nakai and P. bretschneideri, 4) wild Occidental species, cultivars of P. communis and P. armeniacaefolia, and 5) hybrids between P. communis and Chinese or Japanese pear cultivars. The result of PCA generally agrees with that based on UPGMA. Based on RAPD data, some cultivars traditionally classified as P. bretschneideri should be assigned to P. sinkiangensis. Some heirloom cultivars assigned to P. communis were found to be of hybrid origin involving the Chinese white pear (P. bretschneideri) or sand pear (P. pyrifolia). Our results confirmed that P. sinkiangensis is of hybrid origin and at least P. communis, P. armeniacaefolia and Chinese white pears or sand pears have been involved. A further study is needed to understand how pear species and cultivars in Xinjiang are related to those originated from countries in Central Asia.     

砂梨和日本梨生态适应性的探讨及展望

通过对砂梨在我国的生态适应性与日本梨在日本主产区的气候条件的分析和比较，认为秦岭、淮河、长江流域及其以南的广大地区与日本国梨产区气候条件相似，都适合砂梨及日本梨的生长发育，主要差异在栽培技术水平和新技术的应用上。引进和借鉴日本梨的栽培技术和独特的栽培方式，将会提高我国广大砂梨适栽区梨树的栽培水平、果品质量及市场的占有率。     

Genetic Relationship of Iranian Pear Genotypes with European and Asian Pears as Revealed by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Markers

Genetic variation within specific fruit tree germplasms is an important tool in fruit tree breeding programs. In the present work, the genetic relationship of 31 European and Iranian (Pyrus communis L.) and Asian (Pyrus serotina Rehd) genotypes of pear were studied using 19 randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers. Fifteen out of the 19 primers used in this study amplified 3373 clear and reproducible bands associated with 150 loci and many of them were polymorphic. The dendrogram resulting from the unweighted pair-group method of arithmetic cluster analysis separated the cultivars into eight groups. The correlation coefficient between the cophenetic matrix and the similarity matrix was 0.82 (r = 0.82). There was a significant difference between populations and most studied genotypes clustered closely together based on their geographic origin and Iranian pears placed between two groups of pears. Results showed the suitability of RAPD analysis in genetic diversity study of pear.     

Relationships Among some Pears Genotypes (Pyrus Communis L.) Based on ISSR and RAPD Analysis

Thirty one pears genotypes from east blacksea region were evaluated for genetic relationships by using Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and ISSR (Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats) markers from total 70 RAPD and ISSR primer investigated, 22 could amplify clearly and consistently. Cluster analysis of the pears genotypes was performed based on data from polymorphic bands RAPD and ISSR by using Jaccard’s similarity coefficient and the Unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA) clustering method. The 31 pear genotypes were classified into two major groups. Cluster A was divided into 2 subclusters: Gumushane pears and Trabzon pears. Cluster B consisted of Artvin pears. The similarity matrix values ranged between 0.105 and 0.968.     

红色砂梨2个品种着色过程中的外观变化及其解剖学结构观察

以红色砂梨(Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai)品种美人酥和云红梨1号为试材,以套袋处理(果袋类型、去袋方式和去袋时间组合成10个不同的套袋处理)为手段研究了果实着色过程中外观和解剖结构的变化。结果表明,红色砂梨的着色需要有高强度的光照。生长过程中套有不透光袋的果实临近成熟时,只有完全曝光才能大量合成花青苷,而且在很短的时间内(大约2周)果实着色面积、着色程度即可优于对照(不套袋处理)。红色砂梨着色是从果实向阳的一侧先开始,且以果点为中心呈放射状向四周扩展,至采收时果实阳面红色能够均匀分布,但整个果面色泽很难一致。解剖结构分析表明果面呈红色是因为果皮中紧邻表皮层的3～4层细胞存在红色细胞(含有花青苷),在果实着色过程中这些红色细胞数目不断增多,同时细胞内色素浓度不断增大。云红梨1号合成花青苷的能力明显优于美人酥,果实着色更鲜艳。解剖学观察发现云红梨1号的表皮细胞层也含有红色细胞。     

甘肃中部梨资源遗传变异和亲缘关系的SSR分析

用6对SSR特异性引物对甘肃中部46个梨品种或类型的遗传变异和亲缘关系进行了分析,结果表明,SSR位点的期望杂合度为0.446～0.738,平均为0.639,显示了良好的品种鉴定能力。采用UPGMA聚类分析法构建的系统树将供试梨品种或类型分为7个大组:木梨组、白梨组、秋子梨组、褐梨组、西洋梨组和2个可能以秋子梨为基本种而形成的复杂的种间杂种组。唯一的砂梨品种黄花梨包含在白梨组中。新疆梨的5个品种没有独立成组,而是分别包含在木梨、白梨及秋子梨组中。一些原来根据形态学无法归类的品种和类型分别和木梨、白梨和西洋梨聚合在一起,显示出和这些梨系统的亲缘关系;木梨虽然采集地相对集中,但也显示出丰富的遗传多样性。