细胞色素C与细胞凋亡研究进展

在细胞凋亡过程中,线粒体是调控细胞凋亡的中心,而细胞色素C(Cyt-C)从线粒体的释放则起着关键性作用。细胞色素C释放到胞质后可激活Caspase,引发级联反应,从而导致凋亡;Bcl-2蛋白家族具有调控细胞色素C释放的功能;凋亡诱导因子AIF保证着凋亡的有序进行;内质网(ER)通过应激、招募、活化等提高线粒体对促凋亡因子的敏感性,从而使细胞色素C从线粒体线粒体膜间隙(intermembrane space,IMS)释放,发挥了重要的作用。     

仔猪营养性贫血与补铁反应的防制

铁在动物体内含量虽少，但其生理生化功能却非常重要。它是血红蛋白、肌红蛋白、细胞色素C、细胞色素氧化酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶等许多酶的组成成分。     

线粒体与细胞凋亡

细胞凋亡是一种由基因控制的细胞自杀性死亡过程,是机体维持自身稳定的一种基本生理机制。机体通过细胞凋亡清除损伤、衰老与突变的细胞,维持生理平衡。通过对细胞凋亡的研究发现,线粒体在调节细胞凋亡中发挥着关键作用。尤其是被称为细胞凋亡主开关的线粒体通透性改变孔(MitochondrionPermeabilitytransitionPore,MPTP),它是细胞色素C、Smac、AIF等凋亡诱导因子的主要来源。本文以MPTP的开放、细胞色素C、AIF在细胞凋亡中的作用以及Bcl-2家族对细胞凋亡的调控做一综述,以便广大读者能系统地了解线粒体在细胞凋亡中的作用。     

细胞色素P450在家蚕中的研究

本文介绍了细胞色素P450及其发现、命名的研究史,概述了细胞色素P450的结构特征、分布的广泛和多样性及细胞色素P450主要功能。并从家蚕细胞色素P450的研究现状出发,基于家蚕作为鳞翅目昆虫代表——一种重要的模式生物的现实,简要地展望了以家蚕细胞色素P450研究为代表的家蚕功能基因组研究。     

添食氟化物对家蚕中肠组织细胞色素P450和b5含量的影响

为了探讨家蚕对NaF的代谢机制,以家蚕耐氟品种T6和敏感品种734为材料,5龄起蚕分别添食用200、400mg/LNaF溶液浸泡后的桑叶,检测蚕体内氧化酶系重要成员细胞色素P450和b5的含量变化。添食NaF后的168h内,耐氟品种T6中肠组织的细胞色素P450含量比添食清水对照组高3～7倍,细胞色素b5含量的增长与细胞色素P450含量的增长具有较高的相关性(R2=0.8220);添食不同浓度NaF溶液的差异不显著。添食NaF后的24～48h,敏感品种734中肠组织的细胞色素P450含量迅速增加,为添食清水对照组的1～2倍,随后逐渐下降,细胞色素b5含量的增长与细胞色素P450含量的增长无较好的线性关系(R2=0.4727);添食不同浓度NaF溶液的差异不显著。在氟化物作用下,耐氟品种T6中肠组织的细胞色素P450、b5含量显著增加,对氟化物敏感品种734中肠组织的细胞色素P450、b5含量变化相对较小,推测细胞色素P450和b5与家蚕对氟化物的代谢具有一定关联。     

线粒体在细胞凋亡中的作用

在细胞凋亡的过程中,线粒体起着主要的作用。线粒体外膜(OMM)上的VDAC-ANT复合物是线粒体通透性转换孔(PTP)的主要成分,调节着膜两侧的电位,是线粒体凋亡蛋白释放的主要通道。线粒体中细胞色素C(Cyt C)的释放可通过一种新的通道MAC直接进入胞质,而且OMM的结构不发生破裂。另外,其他因子诸如Bcl-2族因子、Cyt C、AIF等能够直接或间接地调节PTP或线粒体凋亡通道(MAC),令线粒体的通透性改变,将各种促凋亡因子释放,从而激活caspase的水解反应,诱导细胞的凋亡。     

秦川牛心肌细胞色素C提取纯化及鉴定的研究

以健康秦川牛新鲜心肌为材料,采用酸化水提取,人造沸石吸附,硫酸铵盐析,三氯乙酸沉淀,透析过滤后采用国产D-85大孔离子交换树脂纯化。研究结果表明,提取纯化后细胞色素C,定性鉴别正常,与标准品在紫外可见分光光度上扫描,吸收光谱相同,在520nm和550nm处有最大吸收峰。电泳图谱显示,纯化后的细胞色素C为一条粗带,与纯品比较位置相同。纯化后样品铁含量平均为0.42%,酶活力平均为96.2%,符合中国药典规定。     

NO对细胞凋亡的影响

NO对不同细胞的凋亡影响不同。NO诱导凋亡可通过氧化应激、干扰能量代谢、直接损害DNA、激活多聚ADP－核聚聚合酶或使胞液Ca^2 调节紊乱。另一方面，通过cGMP依赖途径，抑制细胞色素C释放、降低半胱天冬酶活性等，NO也可以抑制细胞凋亡。     

硒对氟中毒雏鸡肝脏细胞色素P450酶系主要亚型的影响

本试验旨在研究硒对氟中毒雏鸡肝脏细胞色素P450酶系主要亚型活性(含量)的影响及CYP3A37基因转录情况.选取180羽7日龄健康雏鸡,随机分为3组,分别为正常组、氟中毒组和加硒组.正常组饲喂全价日粮;氟中毒组在正常日粮中添加氟化钠(NaF),使日粮中氟含量为1 000 mg·kg-1;加硒组在氟中毒组日粮基础上添加亚硒酸钠(Na2SeO3),使日粮中硒含量为4 mg·kg-1.分别在第30、60、90天从各组随机选取20羽鸡,采用比色法测定P450酶系主要亚型活性(含量),利用RT-PCR方法测定CYP3A37 mRNA转录水平的变化.在添加氟化钠后第30天,氟中毒组除细胞色素P450含量和氨基比林-N-脱甲基酶(AND)活性低于正常组外,其余各酶活性(含量)较正常组均有增加(P<0.05);在加硒组中,除NADPH-细胞色素C还原酶和苯胺-4-羟化酶活性低于氟中毒组外,其余各哑型酶活性(含量)均高于氟中毒组(P<0.05).第60天时,氟中毒组酶活性(含量)均极显著高于正常组(P<0.01);在加硒组中,除NADPH-细胞色素C还原酶和氨基比林-N-脱甲基酶活性略高于氟中毒组外(P>0.05),其余各亚型酶活性(含量)均极显著低于氟中毒组(P<0.01).第90天时,氟中毒组除细胞色素P450含量略高于正常组外(P>0.05),其余各亚型酶活性(含量)均极显著低于正常组(P<0.01);加硒组中细胞色素P450含量和NADPH-细胞色素C还原酶活性略低于氟中毒组,其余各亚型酶活性(含量)均高于氟中毒组.在各时间点氟中毒组CYP3A37 mRNA转录水平均明显高于正常组(P<0.01);加硒组中mRNA转录水平介于氟中毒组和正常组之间.结果提示,饲料中添加氟化钠和亚硒酸钠可使鸡肝脏细胞色素P450酶系各亚型活性(含量)及CYP3A37 mRNA转录水平发生明显变化.     

α-硫辛酸对镉致PC12细胞线粒体凋亡途径的保护作用

为研究α-硫辛酸(α-lipoid acid,α-LA)对镉致PC12细胞线粒体凋亡途径的保护作用。10μmol/L醋酸镉和100μmol/Lα-LA单独或联合作用PC12细胞24h,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率,Western blot法检测cleaved caspase-3、Bcl-2和Bax蛋白的表达量和细胞色素C(cytochrome c,Cyt C)的释放。结果表明,镉引起细胞凋亡率上升,cleaved caspase-3表达上调,Bcl-2/Bax比值极显著下降(P<0.01),Cyt C从线粒体释放进入胞浆中(P<0.01);α-LA联合Cd处理,细胞凋亡率下降,cleaved caspase-3表达量下降,Bcl-2/Bax比值升高,并且能抑制线粒体中Cyt C的释放。表明α-LA对于镉诱导的PC12细胞凋亡的线粒体途径具有一定的保护作用。     

Influence of arachidonic acid metabolites and steroids on function of bovine polymorphonuclear neutrophils.

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) from 4 ovariectomized healthy cows were incubated with 0 (control), 10(-8), 10(-7), and 10(-6) M arachidonic acid metabolites of the cyclo- and lipoxygenase pathways for 30 minutes, and with steroids for 2 hours. Immediately after incubation, PMN were subjected to the following function assays: chemotaxis against zymosan-activated serum, chemotaxis against arachidonic acid metabolite or steroid at the doses given (only control PMN were tested), random migration, ingestion of 125I-iododeoxyuridine-labeled Staphylococcus aureus (125I-IdUR-S aureus), iodination of proteins, cytochrome C reduction, antibody-independent and -dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (AICC and ADCC). Prostaglandin F2 alpha was chemoattractant and stimulated ingestion of 125I-IdUR-S aureus. Prostaglandin E2 stimulated cytochrome C reduction, whereas prostacyclin inhibited iodination of proteins. Thromboxane B2 stimulated ADCC. Leukotriene B4 was chemoattractant for bovine PMN and stimulated random migration and AICC. 5-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid was also chemoattractant, but inhibited ingestion of 125I-IdUR-S aureus. 15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid was chemoattractant and decreased ADCC. Lipoxin A4 stimulated random migration, whereas lipoxin B4 inhibited chemotaxis against zymosan-activated serum, but was chemoattractant and stimulated cytochrome C reduction. 12-Hydroxyhepadecatrienoic acid and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid did not influence any of the PMN functions tested. Of the steroids tested, cortisol increased ADCC, and progesterone stimulated cytochrome C reduction, but decreased ADCC. 17 beta-Estradiol and estrone were chemoattractant and stimulated cytochrome C reduction. In addition, estrone also stimulated random migration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

秦川牛心肌细胞色素C提取纯化及鉴定的研究

以健康秦川牛新鲜心肌为材料,采用酸化水提取,人造沸石吸附,硫酸铵盐析,三氯乙酸沉淀,透析过滤后采用国产D-85大孔离子交换树脂纯化.研究结果表明,提取纯化后细胞色素C,定性鉴别正常,与标准品在紫外可见分光光度上扫描,吸收光谱相同,在520nm和550nm处有最大吸收峰.电泳图谱显示,纯化后的细胞色素C为一条粗带,与纯品比较位置相同.纯化后样品铁含量平均为0.42%,酶活力平均为96.2%,符合中国药典规定.     

Reaction phenotyping of vinblastine metabolism in dogs

Vinblastine is a vinca alkaloid used either as a single agent or in combination therapy for the treatment of canine mast cell tumours and lymphomas. The objective of this study was to determine which isoform of cytochrome P450 enzyme is responsible for the majority of vinblastine metabolism in dogs. A panel of eight recombinant canine cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP3A12, CYP3A26, CYP2B11, CYP2C41, CYP2C21 and CYP2D15) were incubated in vitro with vinblastine. Findings were confirmed by the use of canine polyclonal antibodies of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP1A1, CYP3A12, CYP2B11 and CYP2C21) that were pre‐incubated with individual and pooled hepatic microsomes that were purified from canine liver. Substrate depletion was observed in the presence of recombinant CYP3A12, whereas depletion did not substantially occur when microsomes were pre‐incubated with polyclonal antibodies against CYP3A12. These findings confirmed that CYP3A12 is the major cytochrome P450 isoform responsible for the metabolism of vinblastine in dogs.     

Activation of bovine neutrophils by recombinant bovine tumor necrosis factor-alpha

The in vitro effect of bovine recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha (rbTNF-alpha) on bovine neutrophil function and the possibility that rbTNF-alpha and recombinant bovine interferon-gamma (rbIFN-gamma) act synergistically were investigated. Treatment of neutrophils with rbTNF-alpha (0.05 micrograms/ml; approximately 50 U/ml) at 37 degrees C for 2.5 h resulted in enhancement of antibody independent neutrophil-mediated cytotoxicity (AINC) and inhibition of random migration and chemotaxis. The same treatment resulted in a slight decrease in iodination and cytochrome C reduction, but did not affect Staphylococcus aureus ingestion, or antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Kinetic and inhibitor studies indicated that the action of rbTNF-alpha was rapid and was independent of protein and RNA synthesis by neutrophils. Evaluation of the synergistic activities of rbTNF-alpha and rbIFN-gamma indicated that treatment of neutrophils with these two cytokines simultaneously resulted in additive enhancement of AINC and inhibition of random migration and chemotaxis. There was no additive effect of the two cytokines on inhibition of iodination or cytochrome C reduction.     

The relationship between endogenous cortisol, blood micronutrients, and neutrophil function in postparturient Holstein cows

Neutrophil function, blood micronutrients, and cortisol concentrations were measured in 43 clinically healthy postparturient Holstein cows. Estimated 305-day mature equivalent milk production and neutrophil function were related to results of the blood micronutrient concentrations and neutrophil function tests. Cattle had low to normal zinc concentrations; normal to high selenium, vitamin E, and cortisol concentrations; and normal copper concentrations. Blood selenium (P = .03) and zinc (P = .027) concentrations were both significant predictors of neutrophil adhesion, and selenium (P < .001) was a significant predictor of neutrophil cytochrome C reduction (superoxide production). Fourteen of 20 (70%) cattle with blood selenium concentrations > 300 ng/mL had neutrophil adhesion, and 15 of 20 (75%) had cytochrome C reduction above the mean value for this group. There was also a significant correlation (r = 0.331; P = .037) between cytochrome C reduction and estimated milk production. These findings suggest that neutrophils from postparturient dairy cows with higher blood concentrations of selenium have greater potential to kill microbes, and that cattle with greater superoxide production may have higher milk production.     

Effects of dexamethasone, levamisole, and dexamethasone-levamisole combination on neutrophil function in female goats

Effects of dexamethasone, levamisole, or combined dexamethasone-levamisole administration on polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) function in healthy, adult female goats were studied. Goats were assigned to treated (n = 6) and control (n = 6) groups. In experiment 1, treated goats were given levamisole (6 mg/kg of body weight, IM). In experiment 2, treated goats were given 0.1 mg of dexamethasone/kg, IV, for 3 consecutive days, 1 mg of dexamethasone/kg, IV, for 6 consecutive days, and 6 mg of levamisole/kg, IM, with a 4th injection of 1 mg of dexamethasone/kg. All injections were administered 12 hours before blood collection. The PMN were evaluated for random migration and chemotaxis under agarose, ingestion of Staphylococcus aureus, cytochrome C reduction, iodination, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Levamisole alone did not alter the function of caprine PMN. Both doses of dexamethasone caused increased random migration and decreased cytochrome C reduction and iodination. Dexamethasone resulted in no changes in chemotaxis, S aureus ingestion, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Random migration and cytochrome C reduction returned toward base line in cells from dexamethasone and levamisole-treated goats. Although iodination activity in cells from dexamethasone-treated goats remained significantly (P less than 0.05) lower than those of controls after levamisole administration, a rebound toward base-line activity occurred.     

Alteration of neutrophil function associated with coccidiosis in cattle: influence of decoquinate and dexamethasone

Twenty Holstein steers subclinically infected with coccidia were allotted to 2 groups of 10 steers each. One group received a diet containing 0.5 mg of decoquinate/kg of body weight. After 25 days on the diet, there was no difference between the groups in lymphocyte blastogenic responsiveness to mitogens; however, there were differences in neutrophil function. Lymphocytes from steers of the decoquinate-fed group had decreased random migration under agarose, enhanced cytochrome C reduction, and enhanced iodination activity. Other measures of neutrophil function evaluated (chemotactic index, Staphylococcus aureus ingestion, and antibody-dependent and -independent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) were not affected. After 30 days of decoquinate feeding, half of the cattle in each group received 5 daily IM injections of dexamethasone (0.04 mg/kg of body weight). The dexamethasone-treated steers from the group that did not have decoquinate in the diet developed clinical coccidiosis, whereas the decoquinate-treated steers remained clinically normal. Lymphocyte and neutrophil function were again evaluated for a 3-day period beginning 4 days after dexamethasone treatment was halted. Neutrophils from the steers that developed clinical coccidiosis after dexamethasone administration had significantly (P less than 0.05) inhibited random migration under agarose, cytochrome C reduction, and iodination activity, but significantly (P less than 0.01) enhanced S aureus ingestion. The feeding of decoquinate prevented the inhibition of neutrophil cytochrome C reduction and lessened the inhibition of neutrophil iodination in the dexamethasone-treated group. Dexamethasone treatment was associated with an inhibition of lymphocyte blastogenic responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin in principals as well as controls.