虚伪钝绥螨的食性研究

在26℃恒温、相对湿度75％的条件下,虚伪钝绥螨取食朱砂叶螨、山楂叶螨和苹果叶螨的发育历期分别为6.08、6.68、6.54天,一生产卵总量分别为47.52、48.75、48.12粒。上述食料对虚伪钝绥螨的发育和生殖无明显差别。通过对22种植物花粉的筛选,证明其中18种花粉可使虚伪钝绥螨完成发育,12种可以使其产卵,而以苹果、桃的花粉最能满足虚伪钝绥螨的生育要求,如进一步明确这两种花粉对虚伪钝绥螨的后代生育能力无不良影响,就有可能用花粉来取代叶螨,在室内大量繁殖。     

20种植物花粉对4种植绥螨的饲养效果

用２０种植物花粉饲养４植绥螨，其效果大致可以划分；不能完成发育，可以完成发育和可以继代繁衍３种类型，以花粉参数和繁殖效果共１０项指标作为参评因素，进行模糊综合评判，确认：黄瓜，美人蕉，美人蕉，马缨丹的花粉分别最适于真桑钝绥螨，锯齿盲走螨，江原钝绥螨和尼氏真绥螨室内饲养用，植绥螨对２０种花粉食性的适应顺序为，江原钝绥螨－真桑钝绥螨－尼氏真绥螨－锯齿盲走螨。     

斯氏小盲绥螨取食3种花粉和椭圆食粉螨的实验种群生命表

为了研究斯氏小盲绥螨［Typhlodromips swirskii (Athias Henriot)］取食3种不同花粉和椭圆食粉螨［Aleuroglyphus ovatus (Troupeau)］的发育和繁殖,为斯氏小盲绥螨人工大量饲养提供理论依据,在光照L∥D=10 h∥14 h、相对湿度85%,温度(25±1) ℃的条件下, 研究斯氏小盲绥螨取食向日葵花粉、丝瓜花粉、玉米花粉和椭圆食粉螨的生物学特性,并组建其实验种群生命表。结果表明,斯氏小盲绥螨取食向日葵花粉、丝瓜花粉、玉米花粉和椭圆食粉螨均能从卵发育至成螨并繁殖后代,雌螨发育历期分别为10.42、8.32、9.18、14.43 d;平均每雌总产卵量分别为31.20、65.30、40.17、9.62粒;内禀增长率分别为0.134 3、0.150 2、0.144 9、0.089 5;取食丝瓜花粉的净增殖率（R0=45.057 0）、内禀增长率(rm=0.150 2)和周限增长率 （λ=1.162 0）都最大;取食玉米花粉的雌雄性比最大（2.27∶1）;取食椭圆食粉螨的雌雄性比（0.91∶1）、净增殖率（4.578 8）和内禀增长率（0.089 5）都最小。     

食物对兹沃尔新小绥螨生长发育和繁殖的影响

为探究不同食物对兹沃尔新小绥螨Neoseiulus zwoelferi种群生长、发育和繁殖的影响,采用年龄-龄期两性生命表分析测定兹沃尔新小绥螨取食卢氏叶螨Tetranychus ludeni、甜果螨Carpoglyphus lactis和香蒲Typha orientalis花粉后的存活率、发育历期、寿命及繁殖情况。结果显示,3种食物均能满足兹沃尔新小绥螨生长发育和繁殖的需求。卢氏叶螨处理组的净增殖率和总繁殖率分别是28.99和36.99,均显著高于其他2个处理组;以甜果螨、卢氏叶螨和香蒲花粉为食的兹沃尔新小绥螨从卵发育至成螨所需时间分别为5.28、7.34和6.87 d,种群倍增时间分别3.35、4.22和11.77 d,前者显著短于其他2个处理;甜果螨处理组和卢氏叶螨处理组的雌成螨平均寿命分别比香蒲花粉处理组长2.75 d和4.92 d,但两者之间无显著差异;卢氏叶螨处理组雌成螨产卵天数最长,为17.84 d,产卵前期时间最短,为2.75 d,产卵量最大,为38.15粒/雌;香蒲花粉处理组雌成螨产卵天数最短,仅1.82 d,产卵前期时间最长,为5.89 d,产卵量最少,为3.36粒/雌。甜果螨处理组的内禀增长率、周限增长率分别为0.21 d-1和1.23 d-1,均显著高于其他处理组,但平均世代周期为14.65 d,显著低于其他处理组。表明3种食物均可使兹沃尔新小绥螨完成整个世代,其中甜果螨是室内饲养兹沃尔新小绥螨的最佳食物,香蒲花粉可以作为短期饲养的食物。     

不同植物花粉作饲料对间泽钝绥螨生殖力及存活力的影响

间泽钝绥螨(Amblyseius aizawai)是近年出现在贵州中部地区柑桔园内的一种捕食性天敌,1987年观察的结果表明,该螨在不施任何化学农药的柑桔园内能将桔生爪螨(Pano-nychus citri)种群密度控制在1头/叶以下,是一种很有利用价值的捕食螨。本文利用生命表分析研究不同植物花粉对间泽钝绥螨的生殖力及存活力的影响,以筛选出有利于该螨生长发育、提高生殖力的花粉饲料,为室内大量繁殖提供依据。     

伪钝绥螨的花粉饲养研究

在饲养伪钝绥螨的10种植物花粉中,核桃、洋槐、贴梗海棠、仙人球、迎春和卷心菜等可使其取食并完成发育,前4种还可使其产卵。花粉粒的外部形态结构,是影响该螨能否取食的重要因素之一。用桃、苹果花粉饲养伪钝绥螨,对其F_1代生活力有明显的不良影响。取食桃花粉的F_1代,幼螨间相互残杀,并取食未孵化的卵,使成活率降低。取食苹果花粉的F_1代可正常完成发育,但成螨性比降低,产卵时自食其卵。试验表明,单纯喂食桃或苹果花粉难以进行伪钝绥螨的累代饲养。     

两种花粉对巴氏钝绥螨生长发育与繁殖的影响

在实验室条件下测定了两种花粉对巴氏钝绥螨生长发育与繁殖的影响。结果表明,在温度25 ℃、相对湿度72%,光照L∥D=12 h∥12 h条件下,油菜花粉饲养的巴氏钝绥螨幼螨、前若螨、后若螨历期分别为0.98、3.23、430 d。幼螨发育到成螨共需8.52 d,存活率为83.33%,雌虫不产卵。丝瓜花粉饲养的巴氏钝绥螨卵、幼螨、前若螨、后若螨、产卵前期、世代历期分别为2.55、0.97、2.38、2.07、3.20、11.17 d。平均每头雌螨日产卵量1.78粒,总产卵量58.60粒,产卵持续时间33.53 d,无不产卵个体。其日产卵量呈二次抛物线趋势,回归方程为y=0.155 4t-0.002 80t2(R2=0.951 5,p<0.000 1)。取食丝瓜花粉的巴氏钝绥螨的种群趋势指数I=28.13,净生殖率为R0=26.813,种群平均世代周期T=30.139 d,内禀增长率rm=0.109,周限增长率λ=1.115,种群加倍时问t=6.352 d。由以上试验结果可知,丝瓜花粉比油菜花粉更适合饲养、繁殖巴氏钝绥螨。     

提高花粉饲养伪钝绥螨繁殖力的试验

单独用苹果花粉喂养伪钝绥螨,其后代生活力降低。本文报道在苹果花粉中分别添加30％王浆水、30％蜂蜜水饲养伪钝绥螨,或用苹果花粉和朱砂叶螨交替喂食。结果表明,其后代成螨性比较单独用苹果花粉喂食者均有提高,雌成螨自食其卵现象基本消除。其中以苹果花粉和朱砂叶螨交替供食者效果最好,后代成活率明显提高。以苹果花粉为主食料,定期添加朱砂叶螨,5周后伪钝绥螨的增殖倍数与完全取食朱砂叶螨者相近。     

丝瓜花粉对少毛钝绥螨发育和繁殖的影响

丝瓜花粉是饲养捕食螨的常用替代食物,本研究旨在评价应用丝瓜花粉饲养少毛钝绥螨的可行性。在室内条件下,研究了25、30、35℃下少毛钝绥螨以丝瓜花粉为食物后的生长发育和繁殖能力。在25~35℃下,卵至成螨发育历期为3.63~6.96d,发育历期随温度升高逐渐缩短,存活率为82.69%~88.46%。30℃时,总产卵量最高,为41.27粒,净生殖率最高为18.15。产卵持续期随温度升高而降低。内禀增长率在30℃、35℃下显著高于25℃时,最高值为30℃下的0.203。本研究表明,丝瓜花粉是饲养少毛钝绥螨较好的替代食物。     

益害比及花粉存在对江原钝绥螨和柑橘全爪螨种群动态的影响

研究了在以不同益害比释放江原钝绥螨的情况下,益害比及花粉存在对江原钝绥螨捕食效果的影响。结果表明,当柑橘全爪螨平均每片叶低于5头时,按益害比1∶10和1∶20的比例释放江原钝绥螨,当平均每片叶柑橘全爪螨多于5头时,按益害比1∶5释放江原钝绥螨,可将柑橘全爪螨数量控制在经济阈值以下。花粉的存在能减缓猎物密度下降对江原钝绥螨生长发育的抑制,当主要猎物缺乏时,花粉作为江原钝绥螨的替代食物,对其维持种群数量有着重要作用。     

基于自然寄主的黑肩绿盲蝽大规模饲养技术

黑肩绿盲蝽Cyrtorhinus lividipennis（Reuter）是稻飞虱的重要捕食性天敌。研发黑肩绿盲蝽人工饲养技术对开展稻飞虱绿色可持续防控及其生物学基础研究具有重要作用。本研究采用水稻幼苗作为产卵寄主、以自然寄主褐飞虱作为猎物，从饲养器具、饲养流程及方法等方面建立了一套简便实用的黑肩绿盲蝽规模化饲养技术。利用该技术可连续饲养并提供龄期整齐的黑肩绿盲蝽成虫；经过6个月饲养，发现10 m²房间可日产黑肩绿盲蝽成虫1000～1600头。该饲养技术适合黑肩绿盲蝽的长期规模化饲养，同时也为其他捕食性天敌昆虫规模化饲养提供参考。     

Comparative life history characteristics of the mite predator Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on mite and pollen diets

The food diversification strategy that can offer suitable nutrients as a diet for the natural enemies may possibly help to decrease pest populations by boosting the efficiency of predators. Therefore, my objective was to evaluate the effects of plant and animal diets on biological parameters of the phytoseiid mite Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans). This predator that is a natural enemy of mites was reared on plant pollens (maize (Zea mays L.), sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), mungbean (Vigna radiata L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), and rose (Rosa multiflora Thunb.), offered alone, and in combination with the prey mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank). Results showed that N. cucumeris fed, developed and reproduced better when it was provided with plant and animal diets together, compared to pollens offered alone. The predator showed the most efficient capability for completion of life parameters (development, survival, fecundity, oviposition, longevity and instantaneous rate of increase) with maize and mungbean ingested pollens in combination with T. putrescentiae. The least competency was observed on cucumber and rose pollens used separately. The lowest developmental time of the predator from neonate larva to adult emergence, the highest immature survivorship, higher fecundity, long oviposition period, and the highest adult female's life span were observed when offered maize pollens along with T. putrescentiae compared to other treatments. Accordingly, the instantaneous rate of population increase (r_i) day^?1 was surpassed by N. cucumeris for the combination of pollen and T. putrescentiae diets than pollens utilized alone. It is determined that N. cucumeris can reproduce and develop more successfully on a food complex consisting of pollen and animal diets than any single diet. These findings reveal that pollen can be used by N. cucumeris as a suitable alternative food in periods when prey in the field is sparse or absent. Moreover, such propensity of predators to feed on food from plant origin increases their survival during periods when prey is locally scarce, but natural enemies might occur at the expense of an ability to utilize food as efficiently as specialized predators to boost the management strategies of pest species in field's ecosystem.     

Antibiosis of Eucalyptus plants on Podisus nigrispinus

The predator Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) has been used as a natural enemy to control herbivorous insects in eucalyptus plantations. However, because of the short co-evolutionary history of the predator with this imported plant species, the defensive compounds of eucalyptus may have a negative effect on the predator. Therefore, the survival and development of P. nigrispinus were studied on eucalyptus (Eucalyptus urophylla; exotic host plant) and guava (Psidium guajava; native host plant). P. nigrispinus performance was indeed superior on guava plants than on eucalyptus. The number of fertile eggs and nymphal survival were 52.6% and 12.0% on guava compared with 20.0% and 1.3% on eucalyptus, respectively. Longevity of P. nigrispinus was 115 days on guava and 98 days on eucalyptus. This shows that the predator is not yet fully adapted to the exotic host plant. One possible reason is that the plant toxic compounds in eucalyptus act on this predator by antibiosis.     

红嘴蓝鹊的饲养、驯化及防治松毛虫的效果研究

红嘴蓝鹊是天目山区的留鸟,食性杂,能捕食30多种昆虫,食虫量大,棚养鸟每天能吃虫50～60克,约松毛虫幼虫70～80条。每只蓝鹊每年可控制30亩松林的害虫。该鸟有一定的群居性,易驯化,在浙江地区是驯养、治虫的最佳鸟种,且观赏性好。     

中国木蓼属花粉形态的研究

本文对１１种产于我国的木蓼属植物和１种哈萨克斯坦特有的穆氏木蓼花粉形态进行了光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察。结果表明，木蓼属花粉为圆球形或长球形，（１３．５—３２．５）×（１０—３０）微米３孔沟；条纹状纹饰、木蓼属花粉在形状、大小、萌发器官类型、外壁纹饰等方面基本一致。只有沙木家（Ａ．ｂｒａｃｔｅａｔａ）花粉纹饰比较特殊，为条纹─—网状纹饰，我们推测沙木蓼是一个残遗种。     

用米蛾成虫、米蛾卵和人工卵等饲养黄色花蝽

用米蛾成虫、米蛾卵、人工卵、米蛾卵加人工卵作饲料,饲养仓虫天敌黄色花蝽均能完成发育和产卵。不同饲料对若虫和成虫的发育、成活和生殖力均有不同程度的影响。米蛾成虫和米蛾卵的饲养效果最好。若虫期分别为19.1和16.3天,成虫获得率90.9％和88.5％;产卵前期3.1和3.9天,产卵量66.3和50.2粒,成虫寿命24和31天。不同饲料对下一代卵的孵化率和卵的发育期没有影响。对各种饲料原材料的成本作了估算,米蛾成虫是生产米蛾卵后的废弃物,充分利用可以大大减少黄色花蝽的繁殖费用。     

用不同蚜虫饲养对大灰食蚜蝇生长发育的影响

在室温下分别用甘蓝蚜、豌豆蚜、桃蚜和大麻长管蚜饲养大灰食蚜蝇，幼虫历期分别为10．17天、10．29天、9．16天和9．50天，蛹期分别为8．69天、8．96天、8．46天和7．30天，蛹重分别为32．2毫克、32．3毫克、31．9毫克和26．6毫克，以大麻长管蚜饲养成虫获得率最高，达23．3％，桃蚜最低只有15．1％，研究表明，蚜虫种类对大灰食蚜蝇发育历期、蛹重及存活率有一定影响，人工饲养蚜蝇必需选择适合的蚜种。     

How can natural hybridisation between self‐compatible and self‐incompatible species be bidirectional?

Self‐compatible (SC) plants often deposit pollen on their own stigmas before flowers open. Thus, if we find natural hybrids between a SC species and a closely related self‐incompatible (SI) species, the pollen donor is usually expected to be the SC species. However, in previous studies of naturally occurring mixed populations of invasive Cakile maritima (SI) and Cakile edentula (SC) in Australia, hybridisation was found to have been bidirectional. Here, we explored the floral development of these species in order to test the hypothesis that there might be a short opportunity for pollinators to visit open SC flowers before the self‐pollen is released. Results indicated that both species showed reverse herkogamy during early development, though by the time pollen was ripe the four long anthers always overtopped the stigma; in C. maritima, most of the short anthers remained below the stigma. In both species, ripe, compatible pollen was able to germinate on the stigmatic surface at all stages of floral development. Anther dehiscence commenced earlier in C. edentula and well before flowers opened, in contrast to C. maritima, but the timing of pollen release varied between individual flowers, with a small proportion of uncontaminated stigmas after flowering; therefore, C. edentula can be either pollen recipient or pollen donor when interspecific outcrossing occurs. In summary, our results suggest that the variation between individual flowers of C. edentula contributed to the bidirectional hybridisation despite being a predominant selfer, providing new insights into plant colonisation.