江苏省水稻品种对水稻细菌性条斑病抗性鉴定及评价

为明确江苏省水稻条斑病菌致病力分化状况和不同类型水稻品种对条斑病抗感特性,在孕穗期采用针刺接种法对徐淮稻区2007—2009年采集分离获得的45株条斑病菌进行致病力测定,根据病原菌在6个水稻鉴别品种IRBB4、IRBB5、IRBB14、IRBB21、IR24和金刚30上的抗感反应划分致病型,从中选择具有代表性的3种不同致病型条斑病菌,并鉴定了240个不同类型的水稻品种对条斑病的抗感性。根据菌株在鉴别品种上的抗感反应将供试菌株划分为8个致病型,其中优势致病型为C3致病型,所占比例为35.5%;大多数菌株与鉴别品种间表现出弱互作关系,少数菌株表现出强互作关系。粳稻品种对条斑病的抗性明显高于籼稻,但常规粳稻和杂交粳稻对强致病力菌抗性比例仅为59.8%和37.5%。表明水稻细菌性条斑病流行仍具有潜在的威胁。     

江苏省水稻品种细菌性条斑病抗性评价与病原菌致病力分化

采用针刺接种法,在水稻孕穗期接种3个不同致病型的细菌性条斑病菌,鉴定134个不同类型的水稻品种对细菌性条斑病的抗感性,并使用6个鉴别品种测定江苏徐淮地区82个细菌性条斑病菌的致病力.结果表明:粳稻品种对细菌性条斑病的抗性明显高于籼稻,常规稻和杂交稻对细菌性条斑病的抗性没有明显差异;根据病菌与鉴别品种的互作反应,将供试菌株区分为8个致病型,大多数菌株和鉴别品种表现为弱互作关系,少数菌株与鉴别品种存在强互作关系;第1致病型的菌株致病力强,6个鉴别品种均呈感病反应,并占供试菌株总数的40.2%.     

西瓜品种资源抗细菌性果斑病苗期鉴定

为筛选高抗瓜类细菌性果斑病的西瓜资源,以24份西瓜品种资源为试材,采用苗期喷雾接种法分别接种分离自甜瓜上的瓜类嗜酸菌Acidovorax citrulli菌株pslb96和ZZ-1,鉴定各品种资源对瓜类细菌性果斑病的苗期抗性。结果表明,24份西瓜品种资源中未发现有对2株菌株表现免疫的材料,有7份资源对菌株pslb96表现高抗,12份资源对菌株ZZ-1表现高抗;9份资源对菌株pslb96表现中感或感病,7份资源对菌株ZZ-1表现中感和感病;对2株菌株均表现高抗的品种资源有野生型种质资源A9及商品种华欣、申蜜968、申选958和申抗988,占总品种资源的20.83%。部分品种资源A4、A13和申蜜7号对菌株pslb96和ZZ-1的抗性表现出明显的差异,表明相同寄主来源的2株不同菌株致病力存在差异。     

江苏省水稻区试品种(系)对白叶枯病的抗性分析

通过 1996～2000年213份江苏省水稻区试品种(系)对水稻白叶枯病抗性鉴定 ,抗性较好的品种有94-44、96218、镇稻272、汕优抗63、汕优084、金优63、109、701、7057、9510、9619、5-172、92-133、扬粳7057、泗稻98-3789、新108、镇稻 99、44/157、9522等品种 ,其中 9510、9522等在生产上推广面积较大。试验表明 ,江苏省区试品种 (系 )中常规中籼、杂交籼稻和杂交中粳稻对水稻白叶枯病抗性较差 ,全抗率分别为36.4 %、27.3%和43.3% ,而中粳稻、单季晚粳和杂交晚粳稻对水稻白叶枯病的全抗率为67.2%、71.4%和72.2% ,抗性相对较好。根据白叶枯病菌不同致病型菌株对参试品种致病率的分布情况分析 ,浙173菌株 (致病型Ⅳ)对杂交中籼、常规中粳稻和杂交中粳稻的致病率较高。这种情况和Ⅳ型菌为江苏省白叶枯病主要致病型相一致。     

水稻品种对细菌性基腐病的抗性及病原细菌致病力分化的研究

用浸根接种法测定了国内外622个水稻品种对水稻细菌性基腐病(Erwinia chrysanthemiBurkholder et al.)的抗性。结果表明,高抗品种有127个,中抗品种210个,中感品种189个,高感品种96个。粳稻发病重于籼稻,国际水稻(IR系统)品种较为抗病,而斯里兰卡水稻(BG系统)品种较为感病。用来自四个省的10个水稻菌株和2个玉米菌株(E.chrysanthemi pv.zeae)在20个水稻品种上人工接种测定,资料经统计分析,结果发现不同地区的水稻菌株并无致病性分化现象;但不同水稻品种间的抗性差异显著,玉米菌株对水稻的致病力相对较弱。     

江西省细菌性条斑病菌的致病型划分和水稻抗性资源的鉴定

为探明江西省水稻细菌性条斑病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzicola,Xoc)的致病力分化水平和品种资源的抗病性,本研究利用IRBB5、IRBB14、IR24、IRBB4、IRBB21和金刚30等6个鉴别品种,将分离自江西6个稻区的129株Xoc菌株划分为C1~C9 9个致病型;发现仅C5对鉴别品种IRBB4、C7对鉴别品种IRBB21表现为强互作关系;不同稻区的Xoc优势种群呈现多样性。孕穗期抗性测定结果显示:124个籼稻品种中,对C2型菌株5-16表现为中抗的品种仅占8.06%,对C6型菌株08-3-2表现为抗的品种占14.5%;252个东乡野生稻单株中,1株单株(东113)对C2型菌株表现高抗,14个单株表现抗性。东乡野生稻苗期注射接种结果显示,苗期抗病性与孕穗期抗性呈显著相关性,但苗期抗病性普遍低于孕穗期抗性,仅东113表现为中抗。但东乡野生稻对于Xoc的抗病性明显强于栽培稻,从野生稻中寻找抗性资源将是培育抗病品种的理想途径之一。     

大麦条纹病菌致病性分析及抗性种质精细鉴定

为探明大麦条纹病菌Pyrenophora graminea的致病性差异,鉴定筛选抗病大麦种质材料,将15株大麦条纹病菌菌株通过三明治法种子幼芽接种至5个鉴别品种,分析菌株的致病性分化情况;通过在田间孢子喷雾穗部接种和三明治法种子幼芽接种对145个田间种植表现抗病品种进行抗条纹病精细鉴定。结果显示,15株菌株对5个鉴别品种致病性有一定差异,可划分为9个致病类型,其中致病类型Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ为优势致病类型,每个致病类型菌株数均占总菌株数的20.0%,其它致病类型的菌株均占总菌株数的6.7%;致病类型Ⅰ菌株致病力最强,对5个鉴别品种表现高感。孢子悬浮液喷雾接种田间试验结果显示,90个大麦品种表现为抗病,占总数的62.1%,其中表现免疫的品种12个、高抗品种26个、中抗品种52个,分别占总数的8.3%、17.9%、35.9%。种子幼芽接种温室条件下发病鉴定结果显示,90个抗病品种接种致病类型ⅢP05菌株,对其表现抗病的品种有28个,占供试品种总数的31.1%,表现免疫的品种10个、高抗品种7个、中抗品种11个,分别占供试品种总数的11.1%、7.8%、12.2%;接种致病类型ⅠP01菌株,对其表现抗病的品种14个,占总数的15.6%,其中表现免疫的品种4个、中抗品种10个,分别占总数的4.4%和11.1%。说明强毒性菌株P01可作为大麦条纹病抗性鉴定接种的常用菌株。     

三套鉴别品种对云南高原粳稻白叶枯病菌致病型的鉴定比较

为了明确高原粳稻白叶枯病菌的致病型及其致病性变异,采用剪叶接种法,用三套鉴别品种对云南高原粳稻白叶枯病菌10个代表性菌株进行致病型鉴定比较.结果表明,云南高原粳稻区菌株的致病性具有特殊性,以毫糯扬、TN1、黄玉、珍珠矮、IR26、南粳33和金南风组成的鉴别品种对其致病型的鉴定效果最佳;菌株Q-1-2在国内公认的两套鉴别品种上的抗性反应模式分别是SRRSR和SRRRSR,不同于已发表的所有菌株;稻种资源毫糯扬、IRBB14、IRBB3、IRBB4和IRBB5等对所用菌株都表现抗病,其所携带的抗性基因在云南高原粳稻育种中具有利用价值.     

浙江省水稻新品种(系)对稻瘟病的抗性研究

用4个稻瘟病菌小种对浙江省280份水稻新品种(系)进行稻瘟病抗性分析,结果表明:浙江省水稻新品种(系)对稻瘟病菌具有较好的抗性,籼稻和粳稻对参试菌株的全抗率分别为21.62%和39.05%,说明粳稻具有较籼稻更广的抗谱;浙江省新品种(系)对ZB13小种具有较高的感病率,籼稻和粳稻的感病率分别为69.37%和52.07%。     

水稻对恶苗病的抗性与病原菌致病性的研究

 室内鉴定了411个水稻品种对恶苗病的抗性,没有免疫品种,高抗品种1个(Te₇₀),抗病品种12(TR₉等),其余为感病品种。籼稻比粳稻感病,杂交稻比常规稻感病。初选10个鉴别品种对湖南收集分离的50个菌株的致病性分化进行测定,表明恶苗病菌致病性存在分化,50个菌株分属4个群11个小种。小种I₁为湖南的优势小种。抗病品种的锌、酚类物质含量比感病品种高,而可溶性糖/淀粉比值则感病品种比抗病品种高。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.