银川平原麦蚜寄生蜂群落结构及其时间动态

在实际调查的基础上,研究了银川平原麦蚜寄生蜂群落结构组成。结果表明,银川平原麦蚜寄生蜂群落包括初寄生蜂和重寄生蜂两个亚群落,共22种,隶属4总科,7科13属。其中初寄生蜂12种,重寄生蜂10种。燕麦蚜茧蜂（Aphidius avenae）为优势种。并采用多样性指数（H′）、丰富度(S)、均匀度(E)及优势度(C)等指标对麦蚜寄生蜂的群落动态进行了初步分析。结果表明：5月份前初寄生蜂的多样性指数较大,重寄生蜂的多样性则在5月中旬开始上升,总群落在6月上旬多样性指数最高。     

麦蚜重寄生蜂的观察

一、麦蚜重寄生蜂的种类 在山东临清,寄生麦蚜茧蜂的5种寄生蜂中,以蚜虫跳小蜂Aphidencyrths aphidivorus为主,占67.3％;环腹瘿蜂Figites sp.第二位,占13.5％;黄足分盾细蜂Dendrocerus(Atritomellus)laticeps占9.6％,还有宽缘金小蜂Pachyneuron sp.,短腹柄腹金小蜂Asaphes sp.。在小麦灌浆前期以瘿蜂多见;小麦黄熟期以跳小蜂为主要种类。它们是蚜茧蜂僵蚜期的主要寄生天敌、麦蚜的重寄生蜂,是有害的。     

麦田蚜茧蜂的初步研究

武昌麦田蚜茧蜂共有5种,以燕麦蚜茧峰、烟蚜茧蜂为优势种;重寄生蜂有三种,以黄足分盾细蜂为优势种。蚜茧蜂4月中、下旬进入麦田,5月中旬种群数量达到高峰:蚜茧蜂种群数量主要受寄主—蚜虫密度和4～5月的雨量,相对湿度的影响。麦田蚜茧蜂对麦蚜有一定的控制作用,寄生率最高可达40％以上。解决好重寄生和跟随现象的问题,可提高好苗蜂对麦蚜的控制效果。     

蚜虫跳小蜂的重寄生现象及生物学特性简报

蚜虫跳小蜂Aphidencyrtus aphidivorus(Mayr)是蚜茧蜂僵蚜期的重要寄生天敌、麦蚜的重寄生蜂,为有害天敌。笔者1980—1986年在蚜苗蜂的研究中发现了此蜂和另外4种重寄生蜂,其对麦田蚜茧蜂 (主要是燕麦蚜茧蜂Aphidius avenae Haliday)的破坏作用极大。     

临清市燕麦蚜茧蜂调查

在临清市麦田蚜虫调查中,发现有5种蚜茧蜂:燕麦蚜茧蜂(Aphidius auenae Haliday),烟蚜茧蜂(A.gifuensis Ashmead),阿维蚜茧蜂(A.ervi Haliday),麦蚜茧蜂[Ephedrus Plagiator(Nees)],以及蚜外茧蜂属的一种Prabn sp.。其中燕麦蚜茧蜂占80％,是寄生麦蚜的优势种。     

杭州郊区菜蚜寄生蜂初步调查

1985～1986年,在杭州东郊系统调查了13块地5种十字花科蔬菜上蚜虫的寄生性天敌和被寄生率。共发现原寄生蜂两种,即菜小脉蚜茧蜂和烟蚜茧蜂,前者寄生于桃蚜和萝卜蚜,后者仅寄生于桃蚜,寄生率大多在0～3％,很少超过10％,在蚜虫数量上升阶段寄生率一般呈下降趋势,只有在蚜虫数量迅速下降阶段才明显上升,故蚜虫数量变化受寄生蜂影响不大。共发现重寄生蜂5种,重寄生率平均约为50％,高时接近100％。表明重寄生蜂在一定程度上影响了蚜茧蜂对蚜虫的控制效能。     

麦蚜茧蜂的观察

我县为害小麦的五种蚜虫中,麦长管蚜占总量的92.4—94.7％。在麦长管蚜天敌群落中,数量最多、控制能力最大的是“麦蚜茧蜂”。为了探求生物治蚜的途径,自1978年开始进行了观察,初步认为“以蜂治蚜”是有     

宁夏麦蚜天敌多样性及种间关系

麦蚜是宁夏小麦的主要害虫,为了实现自然天敌对麦蚜的有效控制,采用网捕法和陷阱法等采集手段,通过3年田间调查,共鉴定麦蚜天敌97种,包括寄生性天敌16种和捕食性天敌81种。将麦蚜天敌划分为单食性天敌、寡食性天敌、多食性天敌及杂食性天敌共4类功能团进行分析,结果表明,不同天敌功能团对麦蚜种群的影响存在显著的交互作用;寄生性天敌中蚜茧蜂属的燕麦蚜茧蜂与烟蚜茧蜂是优势种;捕食性天敌种类较为复杂,不同地区麦蚜天敌组成存在显著性差异,复杂的农业景观能够维持更高的天敌多样性。表明在农业生态系统中建立和恢复非作物生境能够明显提高天敌种群数量,进而提高其生物防治作用。     

寄生于丝光绿蝇的一种原蚜茧蜂

1982年5月30日,在山西医学院内腐败的兔、狗尸体附近采得一些蝇蛹,单个置于玻瓶中,结果有6个瓶内羽化出寄生蜂51头,其中最多的一瓶有蜂16头。出蜂孔位于蛹背面第3～4节处,孔径约1毫米,呈不规则圆形,边缘不整齐。经鉴定,蝇蛹为丝光绿蝇Lucilia sericata(Meigen)。寄生蜂为一种原蚜茧蜂Archaphidus sp.。原蚜茧蜂一般寄生于蚜虫,尚未见寄生于蝇蛹的报告。     

燕麦蚜茧蜂生物学特性的研究

燕麦蚜茧蜂(Aphidius avenea Haliday)是临清市麦蚜寄生性天敌的优势种,占麦田5种蚜茧蜂的4/5。笔者从1978～1989年对其生物学特性和消长规律进行了定点调查和室内饲养观察.现将结果报告予下.一、材料与方法秋季、早春在麦田、油莱田、冬藏大白菜、菠菜等作物上采集蚜虫和僵蚜,鉴定蚜茧蜂种类,了解越冬虫态,并放置室内外观察死亡率;3～6月份在麦田每10天采集一批僵蚜,观察羽化率、虫种、干瘪、重寄生;田间系统调查取一二三类麦田各100株3天一次;盆栽     

Aphidius colemani Vier. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) detected in cereal fields in Germany

Studies conducted in the 2000 cropping season at two different localities, Flaeming and Magdeburger Boerde in Germany, have provided new information on cereal aphid (Sitobion avenae (F.), Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker), and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.)) parasitoids in winter wheat; their species composition, relative abundance, hosts, and location effects. The average aphid population density was higher at Magdeburger Boerde and lower at Flaeming. Among the aphid species, Sitobion avenae was more abundant at Flaeming and Metopolophium dirhodum at Magdeburger Boerde. In total, eight species of primary parasitoids were recorded: Aphidius colemani Viereck, Aphidius rhopalosiphi DeStefani Perez, Aphidius uzbekistanicus Luzhetzki, Aphidius ervi Haliday, Aphidius picipes (Nees), Ephedrus plagiator (Nees), Praon gallicumStarý, and Praon volucre (Haliday). The predominant parasitoid species were Aphidius colemani and Aphidius rhopalosiphi on Metopolophium dirhodum and Aphidius uzbekistanicus on Sitobion avenae. A low number of hyperparasitoids were also recorded. Aphidius colemani was recorded for the first time in the open winter wheat fields in Germany, although it has been used as a biocontrol agent in glasshouses in many European countries and overseas. An analysis of the aforementioned information shows that Aphidius colemani detected as a parasitoid of cereal aphids in Germany is likely a result of an accidental escape of parasitoids from a glasshouse, as well as their successful overwintering and establishment in the area. This study provides baseline information essential for assessing future changes in aphid parasitoid species guild and dynamics in cereal fields in Germany.     

Aphidius colemani Vier. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) detected in cereal fields in Germany

Studies conducted in the 2000 cropping season at two different localities, Flaeming and Magdeburger Boerde in Germany, have provided new information on cereal aphid (Sitobion avenae (F.), Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker), and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.)) parasitoids in winter wheat; their species composition, relative abundance, hosts, and location effects. The average aphid population density was higher at Magdeburger Boerde and lower at Flaeming. Among the aphid species, Sitobion avenae was more abundant at Flaeming and Metopolophium dirhodum at Magdeburger Boerde. In total, eight species of primary parasitoids were recorded: Aphidius colemani Viereck, Aphidius rhopalosiphi DeStefani Perez, Aphidius uzbekistanicus Luzhetzki, Aphidius ervi Haliday, Aphidius picipes (Nees), Ephedrus plagiator (Nees), Praon gallicumStarý, and Praon volucre (Haliday). The predominant parasitoid species were Aphidius colemani and Aphidius rhopalosiphi on Metopolophium dirhodum and Aphidius uzbekistanicus on Sitobion avenae. A low number of hyperparasitoids were also recorded. Aphidius colemani was recorded for the first time in the open winter wheat fields in Germany, although it has been used as a biocontrol agent in glasshouses in many European countries and overseas. An analysis of the aforementioned information shows that Aphidius colemani detected as a parasitoid of cereal aphids in Germany is likely a result of an accidental escape of parasitoids from a glasshouse, as well as their successful overwintering and establishment in the area. This study provides baseline information essential for assessing future changes in aphid parasitoid species guild and dynamics in cereal fields in Germany.     

新疆棉花蚜虫-寄生蜂食物网结构的分子检测体系

为明确新疆棉花蚜虫-寄生蜂的食物网结构,通过设计新疆棉花蚜虫和寄生蜂的特异性引物,建立并优化可以在物种水平上开展棉花蚜虫-寄生蜂食物网结构分析的分子检测方法,该方法包括3个多重PCR检测体系（cMP1、cPriMP2和cHypMP3）和1个单一PCR（cSP1）检测体系,并应用建立的方法对采自库尔勒、阿克苏、昌吉的2 383头僵蚜样品进行分子检测。结果表明,4个体系的灵敏度均较高,其中蚜虫cMP1体系的检出限为500 DNA拷贝数,初级寄生蜂cPriMP2体系的检出限为5 000 DNA拷贝数,重寄生蜂cHypMP3和cSP1体系的DNA检出限分别为500拷贝数和100拷贝数。该方法能够快速且准确地鉴定4种棉花蚜虫、4种初级寄生蜂和7种重寄生蜂,特异性良好。使用该方法对供试僵蚜样品进行检测并成功绘制出新疆棉花蚜虫-初级寄生蜂-重寄生蜂食物网,定量分析了不同初级寄生蜂对蚜虫的寄生作用及重寄生蜂与初级寄生蜂之间形成的食物网络关系。表明所建立的分子检测方法可以用于评估不同种类寄生蜂在新疆棉花蚜虫种群控制中的生态功能,解析物种间的食物网关系。     

宁波地区小菜蛾幼虫期和蛹期寄生蜂调查

小菜蛾Plutella xylostella是十字花科蔬菜最重要的世界性害虫,保护和利用寄生性天敌是控制小菜蛾的重要手段。为有效控制小菜蛾在蔬菜上的为害,减少农药用量,作者于2007年4月至2009年1月对宁波地区小菜蛾幼虫期和蛹期主要寄生性天敌种类及其田间自然被寄生率进行了调查。结果表明,宁波地区十字花科蔬菜上小菜蛾幼虫期和蛹期共有8种原寄生蜂（菜蛾盘绒茧蜂Cotesia vestalis、螟蛉盘绒茧蜂Cotesia ruficrus、颈双缘姬蜂Diadromus col-laris、东方长颊姬蜂Macromalon orientale、棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂Campoletis chlorideae、无脊大腿小蜂Brachymeria excarinata、齿唇姬蜂Campoletissp.、弯尾姬蜂Diadegmasp.）、1种兼性寄生蜂（菜蛾啮小蜂Oomyzus sokolowskii）和5种重寄生蜂（盘背菱室姬蜂Mesochorus discitergus、粘虫广肩小蜂Eurytoma verticillata、稻灿金小蜂Trichomalopsis oryzae、绒茧灿金小蜂Trichomalopsis apanteloctena和啮小蜂Tetrastichussp.）,其中优势种为菜蛾啮小蜂和菜蛾盘绒茧蜂,分别占62.23%和31.19%,同时,小菜蛾幼虫期田间自然被寄生率普遍高于蛹期。另外,菜地蔬菜品种的多样性有利于寄生蜂的保护和利用。     

兼抗麦长管蚜和大麦黄矮病毒的小麦种质田间鉴定筛选

为鉴定筛选兼抗麦长管蚜和大麦黄矮病毒(Barley yellow dwarf virus, BYDV)的小麦种质,采用自然感蚜/感病系数法,对36个外引和远缘杂交选育的小麦种质材料进行了2年的田间鉴定,并分析了感虫性与感病性的相关关系。结果表明,2年中均兼抗麦长管蚜和BYDV的种质仅有KOKIPPCAS、KOK、Amigo-3和PI137739共4个材料,占总鉴定材料的11.11%;对二者均敏感的有98-10-35q-9、186Tm39、Tam200e12-14a、Tam200(27)7、小偃22、西农1376和小偃6号共7个材料,占19.44%。其它材料仅抗虫或仅抗病,或仅在一年中表现抗病或抗虫,如材料98-10-30和98-10-35a8抗麦长管蚜,但对BYDV敏感;材料Tam200(13)G和PIG23(2)C感蚜,但对BYDV有抑制作用。BYDV发生普遍率(发病株率)和严重度(病情指数)与有蚜株率显著相关,严重度还与感蚜指数显著相关,但感病植株的病级均值与有蚜株率无显著相关性。表明自然界长期的进化和选择使许多抗病虫基因得以保存下来,但较多抗性基因只在抗病或抗虫的某一方面表现有效,需给予更多关注。     

Exploiting chemical ecology to manage hyperparasitoids in biological control of arthropod pests

Insect hyperparasitoids are fourth trophic level organisms that commonly occur in terrestrial food webs, yet they are relatively understudied. These top‐carnivores can disrupt biological pest control by suppressing the populations of their parasitoid hosts, leading to pest outbreaks, especially in confined environments such as greenhouses where augmentative biological control is used. There is no effective eco‐friendly strategy that can be used to control hyperparasitoids. Recent advances in the chemical ecology of hyperparasitoid foraging behavior have opened opportunities for manipulating these top‐carnivores in such a way that biological pest control becomes more efficient. We propose various infochemical‐based strategies to manage hyperparasitoids. We suggest that a push‐pull strategy could be a promising approach to ‘push’ hyperparasitoids away from their parasitoid hosts and ‘pull’ them into traps. Additionally, we discuss how infochemicals can be used to develop innovative tools improving biological pest control (i) to restrict accessibility of resources (e.g. sugars and alternative hosts) to primary parasitoid only or (ii) to monitor hyperparasitoid presence in the crop for early detection. We also identify important missing information in order to control hyperparasitoids and outline what research is needed to reach this goal. Testing the efficacy of synthetic infochemicals in confined environments is a crucial step towards the implementation of chemical ecology‐based approaches targeting hyperparasitoids. © 2019 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

Spring aphid-parasitoid (Hom., Aphididae, Hym., Braconidae) associations and interactions in a Mediterranean arable crop ecosystem, including Bt maize

Conspecific and heterospecific associations of aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) were used to determine the interactions between crops forming the main arable crop ecosystem (wheat, alfalfa, isogenic and [Bt Bacillus thuringiensis] transgenic maize) in an irrigated area in Catalonia, Spain. Species composition and instars of parasitized aphids (mummies) were used to detect the parasitoid population movements between the crops and proved interactions (alternation) between the crops, including transgenic maize. Parasitoid interactions were species-dependent, appearing in the movements between alfalfa-wheat-maize in the individual species. Aphidius ervi Hal., A. rhopalosiphi DeSt.-Perez, A. uzbekistanicus Luzh., Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cress.) and Praon volucre (Hal.) were classified as key-stone species in the target agroecosystems in the area. No differences were found in aphid-parasitoid associations on Bt transgenic maize and isogenic maize for aphid species composition and associated parasitoid guild.     

A new<Emphasis Type="Italic">Aphidius</Emphasis> species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) from high-montane areas of southeastern Europe

Aphidius montenegrinus sp.n. from Serbia and Montenegro is described and illustrated. It parasitizedAcyrthosiphon daphnidis Ilharco, onDaphne alpina L. The parasitoid was described and illustrated using scanning electron microscope photographs and line drawing. The new species is a member of theAcyrthosiphon aphid parasitoid guild and was collected from Zabojsko Jezero Lake in Montenegro. The parasitoid and the hyperparasitoid spectrum ofA. daphnidis are presented for the first time. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting April 30, 2004.