宁夏中宁县麦蚜寄生蜂群落多样性及优势种种群动态

为了解西北干旱区麦田蚜虫寄生蜂的多样性及优势种的种群动态,采用棋盘式五点取样法对宁夏中宁县麦蚜寄生蜂群落组成进行调查与研究,分析其多样性、丰富度、均匀度及优势度指数等指标的变化,应用Gaussian函数对各指标进行拟合,并对寄生蜂优势种的个体发生量进行时间动态描述。结果显示,该地区共调查获得麦蚜寄生蜂标本919份,隶属4总科7科12属21种,其中初寄生蜂11种,重寄生蜂10种。燕麦蚜茧蜂Aphidius avenae为初寄生蜂优势种,6月2日个体数达到顶峰,6月8日骤降,6月23日趋于平缓;重寄生蜂优势种为蚜虫宽缘金小蜂Pachyneuron aphidis、宽肩阿莎金小蜂Asaphes suspensus和蚜茧蜂长背瘿蜂Alloxysta sp.,前二者个体数均在6月18日达到最大值,6月23日呈下降趋势,后者5月28日上升,6月2日达到顶峰,6月23日缓慢降至最低值。该地区5月初麦蚜初寄生蜂的多样性指数较大,重寄生蜂的多样性指数则在5月中旬开始上升,总群落多样性指数在6月上旬最高;Gaussian函数对寄生蜂群落多样性指数时间动态变化的模型拟合参数表明,复杂农业景观下的寄生蜂物种多样性发生期明显长于简单农业景观。     

新疆棉花蚜虫-寄生蜂食物网结构的分子检测体系

为明确新疆棉花蚜虫-寄生蜂的食物网结构,通过设计新疆棉花蚜虫和寄生蜂的特异性引物,建立并优化可以在物种水平上开展棉花蚜虫-寄生蜂食物网结构分析的分子检测方法,该方法包括3个多重PCR检测体系（cMP1、cPriMP2和cHypMP3）和1个单一PCR（cSP1）检测体系,并应用建立的方法对采自库尔勒、阿克苏、昌吉的2 383头僵蚜样品进行分子检测。结果表明,4个体系的灵敏度均较高,其中蚜虫cMP1体系的检出限为500 DNA拷贝数,初级寄生蜂cPriMP2体系的检出限为5 000 DNA拷贝数,重寄生蜂cHypMP3和cSP1体系的DNA检出限分别为500拷贝数和100拷贝数。该方法能够快速且准确地鉴定4种棉花蚜虫、4种初级寄生蜂和7种重寄生蜂,特异性良好。使用该方法对供试僵蚜样品进行检测并成功绘制出新疆棉花蚜虫-初级寄生蜂-重寄生蜂食物网,定量分析了不同初级寄生蜂对蚜虫的寄生作用及重寄生蜂与初级寄生蜂之间形成的食物网络关系。表明所建立的分子检测方法可以用于评估不同种类寄生蜂在新疆棉花蚜虫种群控制中的生态功能,解析物种间的食物网关系。     

Combined effect of nucleopolyhedrovirus and Microplitis pallidipes for the control of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua

BACKGROUND: Nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeNPV) and Microplitis pallidipes are important biological control agents of Spodoptera exigua populations. The interactions between these agents and their combined effect on pest control were investigated in the laboratory and in commercial greenhouses. RESULTS: Microplitis pallidipes searched for and deposited eggs in more healthy larvae than virus‐infected larvae 3 days after viral infection. Each female parasitoid that developed in a virus‐infected host oviposited in a virus‐infected host, or emerged from a cocoon carrying virus transmitted to 4.0, 7.6 or 2.4 healthy larvae respectively. Each female parasitoid exposed to a mixture of virus and 10% honey water solution transmitted the virus to 2.2 healthy larvae. In an experiment with cabbage growing in commercial greenhouses, the pest population reduction was greater by M. pallidipes carrying SeNPV (82.3–89.7% reduction) than by parasitoids without virus (59.5–62.4% reduction). CONCLUSIONS: Control of S. exigua was greater with M. pallidipes plus SeNPV than with M. pallidipes alone. Microplitis pallidipes preferred healthy hosts to infected hosts. Parasitoids were able to complete their development in virus‐infected hosts before the hosts died from the virus infection. The parasitoid ovipositors contaminated with the virus could carry and transmit SeNPV. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

我国寄生蜂调控寄主生理的研究进展

寄生蜂是一类重要寄生性天敌昆虫,在害虫生物防治中发挥着重要作用。它们产卵时把自身携带的多种寄生因子(毒液、多DNA病毒等)注入寄主体内,由此调控寄主生长发育、免疫功能、营养代谢等以保证其后代在寄主体内或体上的成功发育。自20世纪80年代以来国内外昆虫学家对多种寄生蜂及其寄主构成的体系开展了寄生蜂调控寄主生理作用及其相关机制的研究,本文主要对我国昆虫学者的相关研究工作进行了总结和整理。     

宁波地区小菜蛾幼虫期和蛹期寄生蜂调查

小菜蛾Plutella xylostella是十字花科蔬菜最重要的世界性害虫,保护和利用寄生性天敌是控制小菜蛾的重要手段。为有效控制小菜蛾在蔬菜上的为害,减少农药用量,作者于2007年4月至2009年1月对宁波地区小菜蛾幼虫期和蛹期主要寄生性天敌种类及其田间自然被寄生率进行了调查。结果表明,宁波地区十字花科蔬菜上小菜蛾幼虫期和蛹期共有8种原寄生蜂（菜蛾盘绒茧蜂Cotesia vestalis、螟蛉盘绒茧蜂Cotesia ruficrus、颈双缘姬蜂Diadromus col-laris、东方长颊姬蜂Macromalon orientale、棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂Campoletis chlorideae、无脊大腿小蜂Brachymeria excarinata、齿唇姬蜂Campoletissp.、弯尾姬蜂Diadegmasp.）、1种兼性寄生蜂（菜蛾啮小蜂Oomyzus sokolowskii）和5种重寄生蜂（盘背菱室姬蜂Mesochorus discitergus、粘虫广肩小蜂Eurytoma verticillata、稻灿金小蜂Trichomalopsis oryzae、绒茧灿金小蜂Trichomalopsis apanteloctena和啮小蜂Tetrastichussp.）,其中优势种为菜蛾啮小蜂和菜蛾盘绒茧蜂,分别占62.23%和31.19%,同时,小菜蛾幼虫期田间自然被寄生率普遍高于蛹期。另外,菜地蔬菜品种的多样性有利于寄生蜂的保护和利用。     

A push–pull strategy to suppress stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) attacks on pasture cattle via a coconut oil fatty acid repellent formulation and traps with m-cresol lures

BACKGROUND

Stable flies [Stomoxys calcitrans (L.)] are economically important pests of cattle and other livestock. As an alternative to conventional insecticides, we tested a push–pull management strategy using a coconut oil fatty acid repellent formulation and an attractant-added stable fly trap.

RESULTS

In our field trials we found that weekly applications of a push–pull strategy can reduce stable fly populations on cattle as well as a standard insecticide (permethrin). We also found that the efficacy periods of the push–pull and permethrin treatments following on-animal application were equivalent. Traps with an attractant lure used as the pull component of the push–pull strategy captured sufficient numbers of stable flies to reduce on-animal numbers by an estimated 17–21%.

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first proof-of-concept field trial demonstrating the effectiveness of a push–pull strategy using a coconut oil fatty acid-based repellent formulation and traps with an attractant lure to manage stable flies on pasture cattle. Also notable is that the push–pull strategy had an efficacy period equivalent to that of a standard, conventional insecticide under field conditions. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

The push–pull strategy for citrus psyllid control

The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), is the only natural vector of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus that causes citrus huanglongbing (HLB), a most destructive disease of citrus. Currently, no remedial therapy exists for the disease, and so effective control of ACP is very important in curbing the transmission of the disease. The push–pull strategy should be thoroughly explored as an approach to ACP management. This mini‐review summarises the current progress towards more effective repellent and attractant chemicals through investigating known repellent and attractive plants. Interactions between ACP and its host plants are also addressed, with emphasis on the possible involvement of the host biochemicals in attracting the insect. Potential ways to increase the effectiveness of the pull–push strategy are briefly discussed. It is expected that the pull–push strategy will be gradually developed following more extensive research. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry     

Few indirect effects of baculovirus on parasitoids demonstrate high compatibility of biocontrol methods against Tuta absoluta

BACKGROUND

Combining different biocontrol agents, particularly micro- and macroorganisms, can contribute to new and sustainable pest control approaches. Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is one of the most destructive pests of solanaceous crops. An emerging management strategy consists of biological control using microbial insecticides such as baculoviruses, but with limited efficacy. Thanks to their high target specificity, baculoviruses can be used simultaneously with natural enemies such as parasitoids for improved control of T. absoluta. However, potential indirect nontarget effects of baculoviruses on parasitoids can result from overlapping resource requirements. We assessed whether ovipositing parasitoid females discriminated against virus-treated hosts and examined the outcome of within-host competition between the hymenopteran parasitoids Necremnus tutae (Reuter) (Eulophidae) and Dolichogenidea gelechiidivoris Marsch (Braconidae), and the Phthorimaea operculella granulovirus (PhopGV, Baculoviridae) that infects T. absoluta larvae.

RESULTS

Female D. gelechiidivoris discriminated against virus-treated hosts, whereas N. tutae did not. We found few indirect virus-related effects depending on the species, the sex, and the time of virus treatment. Effects were ambivalent for D. gelechiidivoris offspring and ranged from increased male longevity when infection occurred before parasitization to reduced emergence and male longevity when infection occurred after parasitization. N. tutae offspring showed a longer development time and shorter male longevity when they developed in virus-treated hosts.

CONCLUSION

The virus had a low impact on parasitoid offspring. In rare cases, adverse effects were detected; however, the low magnitude of these effects is unlikely to reduce the fitness of parasitoid offspring, therefore both parasitoids seem compatible with the baculovirus for control of T. absoluta. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

The need for effective marking and tracking techniques for monitoring the movements of insect predators and parasitoids

Predators and parasitoids move through the landscape at a wide range of rates and over a broad range of spatial scales. Understanding the dispersal characteristics of such 'beneficials' is of crucial importance for classical, augmentative, inundative and conservation biological control. It is a key practice, following the release of 'classical' (exotic) and augmentative (indigenous) biological control agents, to assess whether they have become successfully established, and also to what extent the agent has spread from the release points. It is important in conservation biological control to understand the role that natural enemy movements play in the improvement of pest control achieved through the provision of pollen, nectar, shelter and/or alternative prey/hosts. Other aspects of predator and parasitoid movement pertinent to biological control are the role refugia play in influencing, via natural enemy movements, control of pest population numbers. In these areas and others, some form of marking and/or tracking of insect predators and parasitoids is usually required so that movements can be studied. This special issue considers the usefulness and limitations of marking and tracking techniques, through up-to-date reviews written by an international team of researchers who are actively involved in the study of predator and parasitoid ecology.     

贵州省黔东南地区发现草地贪夜蛾的5种寄生性天敌及其两种重寄生蜂

迁飞性重大农业入侵害虫草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith)于2019年入侵贵州省黔东南地区。深入研究害虫的天敌发生情况有利于发掘和利用天敌资源开展生物防治工作。本文将贵州省黔东南地区采集的被寄生卵块和幼虫置于实验室条件下饲育,利用DNA条形码技术鉴定羽化出的天敌昆虫。共鉴定出5种寄生性天敌昆虫,其中卵寄生蜂为夜蛾黑卵蜂Telenomus remus,幼虫寄生蜂为菜粉蝶盘绒茧蜂Cotesia glomerata和半闭弯尾姬蜂Diadegma semiclausum,幼虫寄生蝇为厉寄蝇属寄生蝇Lydella sp.和日本追寄蝇Exorista japonica。另外,还发现了两种寄生于菜粉蝶盘绒茧蜂的重寄生蜂,分别为弯沟啮小蜂属寄生蜂Baryscapus sp.和吉氏金小蜂Nasonia giraulti。本文的发现为筛选防治草地贪夜蛾的优势天敌奠定了基础。     

Oviposition behavior and development of immature stages ofParasierola swirskiana, a parasitoid of the lesser date mothBatrachedra amydraula

Parasierola swirskiana Argaman (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) is a parasitoid of the mothBatrachedra amydraula Meyrick, a pest of unripe fruits of the date palm,Phoenix dactylifera L. The parasitoid is most commonly found in the field on second-generation host ,larvae. Its biological characteristics were studied in the laboratory. Adult longevity averaged 34.9 and 20.5 days for females and males, respectively. Clutch size ranged between 1 and 13 eggs per host, and was positively correlated with host weight. Females laid an average of 60.4 eggs on 11.6 hosts, with a maximum of 152 eggs on 29 hosts in 53 days. Parasitoids were observed standing motionless upon 52% of the paralyzed hosts, and active brood defense was occasionally observed. Immature development is described. Total development time from egg to adult averaged 13.6 days at 26 ± 2°C and 30-50% r.h. The potential for utilizingP. swirskiana for biological control ofB. amydraula is discussed.     

寄生蜂转录组学研究进展

寄生蜂与其寄主昆虫之间存在着复杂的制约关系,在农林害虫生物防治中极为重要,是极具开发前景的一类昆虫。转录组可以反映特定状态下基因的表达模式。转录组测序给寄生蜂等非模式生物的研究带来了机遇。本文在检索寄生蜂转录组序列文献报道的基础上,针对寄生蜂转录组的测序现状和初步应用进行了分析和总结,涉及寄生蜂化学感受基因的鉴定,寄生蜂对寄主的调控机理,寄生蜂携带病毒的研究,寄生蜂滞育的研究与神经肽的研究。同时,提出了加强寄生蜂转录组研究的两个展望:一是加强寄生蜂多组学结合研究;二是探索第3代测序技术在寄生蜂中的应用研究。     

Evaluating side effects of newer insecticides on the vine mealybug parasitoid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anagyrus</Emphasis> sp. near <Emphasis Type="Italic">pseudococci</Emphasis>, with implications for integrated pest management in vineyards

Control of the invasive vine mealybug Planococcus ficus (Signoret) can be achieved through integration of different management strategies such as the application of chemical treatments and biological control. However, compatibility between these control methods is considered crucial when adopting integrated pest management (IPM) programs against this insect pest. The recently used insecticides Prev-Am®, a contact biopesticide, and spirotetramat, a systemic tetramic acid insecticide, were assessed in laboratory conditions for their side effects on the vine mealybug parasitoid Anagyrus sp. near pseudococci with reference to chlorpyriphos-methyl, an organophosphate insecticide conventionally used for mealybug control in vineyards. Regarding contact toxicity, chlorpyriphos-methyl caused 100% parasitoid mortality 24 h after treatment, but parasitoid mortality from Prev-Am® or spirotetramat was almost absent. Neither the total parasitoid offspring/female nor the sex ratio of the progeny was negatively affected by Prev-Am® or spirotetramat relative to the untreated control. According to the IOBC classification for laboratory trials, both Prev-Am® and spirotetramat were rated harmless (IOBC category 1), whereas chlorpyriphos-methyl was categorized as harmful (IOBC category 4) to A. sp. near pseudococci. None of the insecticides adversely affected the development of the parasitoid pupal stage inside mealybug mummies or the survival of the emerged parasitoids. The practical implications of the results for implementing mealybug IPM programs in vineyards are emphasized and discussed.     

广西田间发现2种草地贪夜蛾幼虫寄生蜂

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith)是世界性重大迁飞害虫,自2019年入侵我国西南地区后迅速向北扩散,严重威胁我国粮食作物生产安全。挖掘和筛选本地优势天敌,对开展草地贪夜蛾生物防治具有重要意义。2020年夏季在广西南宁市和北海市野外开展草地贪夜蛾及其天敌调查时发现2种草地贪夜蛾幼虫寄生蜂,通过形态学和分子生物学方法鉴定为棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂Campoletis chlorideae Uchida和斜纹夜蛾侧沟茧蜂Microplitis prodeniae Rao & Kurian。本文详细记述了这两种幼虫寄生蜂的形态特征,以期为今后筛选和利用草地贪夜蛾寄生性天敌提供参考。     

Fifty years of the integrated control concept: moving the model and implementation forward in Arizona

Fifty years ago, Stern, Smith, van den Bosch and Hagen outlined a simple but sophisticated idea of pest control predicated on the complementary action of chemical and biological control. This integrated control concept has since been a driving force and conceptual foundation for all integrated pest management (IPM) programs. The four basic elements include thresholds for determining the need for control, sampling to determine critical densities, understanding and conserving the biological control capacity in the system and the use of selective insecticides or selective application methods, when needed, to augment biological control. Here we detail the development, evolution, validation and implementation of an integrated control (IC) program for whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.), in the Arizona cotton system that provides a rare example of the vision of Stern and his colleagues. Economic thresholds derived from research‐based economic injury levels were developed and integrated with rapid and accurate sampling plans into validated decision tools widely adopted by consultants and growers. Extensive research that measured the interplay among pest population dynamics, biological control by indigenous natural enemies and selective insecticides using community ordination methods, predator:prey ratios, predator exclusion and demography validated the critical complementary roles played by chemical and biological control. The term ‘bioresidual’ was coined to describe the extended environmental resistance from biological control and other forces possible when selective insecticides are deployed. The tangible benefits have been a 70% reduction in foliar insecticides, a >$200 million saving in control costs and yield, along with enhanced utilization of ecosystem services over the last 14 years. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Die biologische Bekämpfung des Eukalyptusblattsaugers Ctenarytaina eucalypti (Maskell) (Hemiptera, Psyllidae) durch die Erzwespe Psyllaephagus pilosus Noyes (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae) – eine Erfolgsgeschichte in Kalifornien und Westeuropa, aber auch in Sachsen

The Australian psyllid Ctenarytaina eucalypti has been accidentally introduced into many parts of the world. In America as well as in Europe it caused severe damage on Eucalyptus cut-foliage plantations. Insecticide treatments have proven to be expensive and not-sustainable. Therefore a biocontrol project was carried out in the Center for Biological Control at Berkely, California. The search for a monophagous parasitoid of the blue gum psyllid in the natural habitat in Australia and New Zealand was successful. After quarantine for elimination of hyperparasitoids the natural enemy Psyllaephagus pilosus has been released in Californian Eucalyptus plantations since 1993. It established itself rapidly, resulting in a decrease of the pest below the economic threshold. Following this impressive effect the parasitoid has also been released in some West European countries. The rapid spread over great territories was similar. The parasitization rates reached 100 percent, providing a sustainable control of the psyllid. In the last years several accidental introductions of C. eucalypti into Germany occurred. The first record in Saxony was in 2000 in the botanical garden of the Dresden University of Technology on Eucalyptus globulus. However, the spontaneous attack of the blue gum psyllid by P. pilosus during the next two years eradicated the infestation. To avoid a possible threat to natural ecosystems, the well-directed future use of exotic biological control agents against unintentionally introduced pests is in urgent need of a legal regulation at the EU or national level in Germany. The FAO and EPPO standards on this topic should be considered as a basis for this.     

USDA pest risk assessment of biological control organisms1

Today, as managers of plant pest control programs seek more and more alternatives to chemical pesticides, the demand for biological control organisms in the USA has increased significantly in volume and variety. There is a corresponding increase in the numbers of permit requests for biological control agents from foreign sources. Environmentalists, Federal and State plant regulatory agencies in the USA are concerned over the long-term effects of these ‘beneficials’ on the target hosts, non-target organisms, codependency of flora and fauna, and on the general environment. Within the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of USDA, Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) protects US agriculture from the introduction and dispersal of harmful plant pests. It does this with the help of a network of Plant Quarantine Officers. PPQ strongly supports biological control strategies and the importation of more effective agents by accommodating the needs of agribusiness under appropriate safeguards. Although most biological control organisms are not plant pests, certain precautions are in order prior to release since shipments may contain unwanted pests, other contaminants and prohibited plant material.     

Virulence of Verticillium lecanii (Z.) against cereal aphids; does timing of infection affect the performance of parasitoids and predators?

BACKGROUND: Entomopathogenic fungi such as Verticillium lecanii (Z.) (Mycotal^®) are used for pest control as an alternative to chemical control. In this study, the effect of V. lecanii on cereal aphids is assessed. In addition, an investigation is carried out to determine whether the use of V. lecanii affects the performance of two natural enemies of aphids, the predator Harmonia axyridis (P.) and the parasitoid Aphidius colemani (V.), in no‐choice experiments under laboratory conditions. RESULTS: The number of Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) and Sitobion avenae (F.) killed was increased by increasing the concentration of V. lecanii. The timing of application of fungus to aphids affected the efficacy of other biocontrol agents, a parasitoid and a predator. Parasitation by A. colemani (V.) in both cereal aphids (S. avenae and R. padi) was not affected by V. lecanii when aphids were first treated with V. lecanii and then exposed to A. colemani. The emergence of adults from parasitised mummies was, however, lower in infected aphids than in uninfected aphids when the aphids were first exposed to the parasitoids and then treated with fungus. The female sex ratio in the emerging adults was lower in V. lecanii‐treated aphids in both species. When aphids were first treated with V. lecanii, 72 h before predation, fewer aphids of both species were consumed by H. axyridis (P.). CONCLUSION: Use of entomopathogenic fungus as a biological control agent could be a complementary strategy in an integrated pest management programme against cereal aphids, but it can reduce the efficiency of other biocontrol agents (parasitoids and predators) when applied simultaneously. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Insecticide selectivity to two species of Trichogramma in three different hosts, as determined by IOBC/WPRS methodology

BACKGROUND: The use of Trichogramma species is a potential key strategy in integrated pest management. However, its effectiveness depends on the use of chemicals that do not interfere with parasitism and parasite population growth. Here, a study was made of the effects of synthetic insecticides on Trichogramma pretiosum and Trichogramma exiguum in different hosts (Ephestia kuehniella, Plutella xylostella and Spodoptera frugiperda) and the influence of International Organisation for Biological Control (IOBC/WPRS) methodology in selectivity studies using different Trichogramma species. The insecticides used were commercial formulations (triflumuron at a concentration of 0.2 mL L^?1 water, etofenprox at a concentration of 0.47 mL L^?1 water and endosulfan at a concentration of 7.5 mL L^?1 water); the control treatment consisted of distilled water. Eggs attached to cardboard cards were offered to parasitoids inside glass cages. Parasitised eggs, parasitism and adult emergence rates and parasitism reduction were evaluated. RESULTS: Endosulfan and etofenprox, classified as class‐4 toxic products, were extremely toxic to the parasitoids. Triflumuron, classified as a non‐toxic product, was selective to the parasitoids in eggs of all hosts. CONCLUSIONS: The methodology recommended by IOBC/WPRS influenced results regarding the use of different species of parasitoids, and the use of a single parasitoid species in their experiment is questionable. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Prospects for the use of biological control agents against Anoplophora in Europe

This review summarises the literature on the biological control of Anoplophora spp. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and discusses its potential for use in Europe. Entomopathogenic fungi: Beauveria brongniartii Petch (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) has already been developed into a commercial product in Japan, and fungal infection results in high mortality rates. Parasitic nematodes: Steinernema feltiae Filipjev (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser have potential for use as biopesticides as an alternative to chemical treatments. Parasitoids: a parasitoid of Anoplophora chinensis Forster, Aprostocetus anoplophorae Delvare (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), was discovered in Italy in 2002 and has been shown to be capable of parasitising up to 72% of A. chinensis eggs; some native European parasitoid species (e.g. Spathius erythrocephalus) also have potential to be used as biological control agents. Predators: two woodpecker (Piciformis: Picidae) species that are native to Europe, Dendrocopos major Beicki and Picus canus Gmelin, have been shown to be effective at controlling Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky in Chinese forests. The removal and destruction of infested and potentially infested trees is the main eradication strategy for Anoplophora spp. in Europe, but biological control agents could be used in the future to complement other management strategies, especially in locations where eradication is no longer possible. © 2014 Crown copyright. Pest Management Science © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry