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1.
Maja Wiklund Izabella Granswed Görel Nyman 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1139-1148
Objective
To evaluate the effect of pulsed inhaled nitric oxide (INO) on arterial oxygenation in horses during abdominal surgery.Study design
Prospective, randomized, clinical trial.Animals
Thirty horses that underwent abdominal surgery at the University Animal Hospital in Uppsala, Sweden.Methods
Anaesthesia was induced according to a standard protocol – romifidine, butorphanol, diazepam and ketamine and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Fifteen horses were administered pulsed INO and 15 served as controls. After baseline data collection, pulsed INO delivery commenced. Arterial and venous blood were collected and analysed. Cardiorespiratory parameters were measured, and oxygen content and F-shunt were calculated.Results
Arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) and arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) increased from 10.9 ± 5.7 kPa (82 ± 43 mmHg) and 93 ± 6% to 17.3 ± 6.9 kPa (134 ± 52 mmHg) (p < 0.0001) and 98 ± 2% (p < 0.0001), respectively, in horses administered pulsed INO. In the control group, PaO2 and SaO2 decreased from 13.9 ± 9.1 kPa (104 ± 68 mmHg) and 93 ± 7% to 12.1 ± 8.6 kPa (91 ± 65 mmHg) (p = 0.0413) and 91 ± 8% (p = 0.0256), respectively. At the end of anaesthesia, the oxygen content was significantly higher in horses administered pulsed INO compared to controls (p = 0.0126). The calculated F-shunt decreased from 39 ± 10% to 27 ± 6% (p < 0.0001) in horses administered pulsed INO, and remained unchanged in controls, 40 ± 12% to 44 ± 12%. Blood lactate concentration decreased (–17 ± 21%) in horses administered pulsed INO (p = 0.0119), whereas no difference was measured in controls (2 ± 31%).Conclusions and clinical relevance
The present study showed that it is possible to effectively reduce the F-shunt and improve arterial oxygenation in horses during abdominal surgery by continuous delivery of pulsed INO. 相似文献2.
Objective
To compare the duration of action of atracurium in diabetic and nondiabetic dogs.Study design
Prospective, blinded, clinical study.Animals
A total of 26 diabetic and 29 nondiabetic dogs.Methods
Following preanaesthetic medication and intravenous (IV) propofol induction, anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Atracurium 0.2 mg kg?1 IV was administered to provide neuromuscular blockade (NMB) and the responses (twitches; T) to train-of-four nerve stimulation were recorded by palpation and electromyography (EMG). Time to onset of NMB (from atracurium administration to loss of T4 by EMG), duration of NMB (to return of T1 by EMG) and also times to loss and return of T2–T4 were recorded. Heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure, end-tidal isoflurane (Fe′Iso), end-tidal CO2 concentrations and oesophageal temperature were recorded at onset of NMB and when T1EMG returned. Groups were compared using t tests and Mann–Whitney U tests (p < 0.05).Results
Diabetic dogs were older (9.9 ± 0.3 compared with 6.8 ± 0.7 years, p = 0.0003). Group parameters were similar at onset and offset of NMB apart from HR at offset, which was higher for diabetics compared to nondiabetics (114 ± 4 compared with 100 ± 3 beats minute?1, respectively, p = 0.004), Fe′Iso was higher in the diabetic group at onset (1.3 ± 0.03% compared with 1.2 ± 0.04%, p = 0.026) and offset (1.4 ± 0.03% compared with 1.3 ± 0.03%, p = 0.007), and temperature was higher for diabetics at onset (37.5 ± 0.1 °C compared with 37.0 ± 0.2 °C, p = 0.012) and offset (37.5 ± 0.1 °C compared with 36.9 ± 0.2 °C, p = 0.004). The duration of action of atracurium(tactile) and atracurium(EMG) were similar for both groups.Conclusions and clinical relevance
The duration of action of atracurium was similar in diabetic and nondiabetic dogs as indicated by tactile and EMG monitoring. 相似文献3.
Sandra Wenger Désirée Müllhaupt Stefanie Ohlerth Sarah Prasse Karina Klein Bianca da Silva Valente Martina Mosing 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):529-537
Objective
To compare airway management during induction of anaesthesia, spontaneous ventilation (SV) and controlled mechanical ventilation (CMV), using an endotracheal tube (ETT), laryngeal mask (LM), rabbit-specific supraglottic airway device (v-gel) or facemask (FM).Study design
Prospective randomized crossover experiment.Animals
Ten New Zealand White rabbits.Methods
After premedication, rabbits were randomly allocated to four groups: 1) ETT; 2) LM; 3) v-gel or 4) FM. The required dose of propofol, duration and number of attempts to place an airway device and leakage during SV and CMV at different peak inspiratory pressures (6, 10, 12, 14 and 16 cmH2O) were recorded. Computed tomography (CT) of the head, neck and abdomen were performed before and after CMV.Results
Significantly less propofol and time [2.0 ± 0.5 mg kg?1, 82 ± 34 seconds, p < 0.001] were needed to place the FM compared to the three other groups [v-gel 5.1 ± 2.1 mg kg?1, 302 ± 124 seconds; LM 4.8 ± 1.2 mg kg?1, 275 ± 89 seconds; ETT 5.5 ± 1.4 mg kg?1, 315 ± 147 seconds]. A leak > 25% of the tidal volume occurred at the lowest pressure in FM [median (range), 6 (6–8) cmH2O], which was significantly lower than with v-gel [16 (6–no leak at 16) cmH2O], LM [>16 (6–no leak at 16)] or ETT [>16 (no leak at 16) cmH2O] (p < 0.001). On CT images, the height and width of the larynx were significantly smaller with v-gel in comparison to FM and LM (p = 0.004). A significant increase in the amount of gas in the stomach (p = 0.007), but not gastric volume, was detected in FM and LM.Conclusions and clinical relevance
The v-gel is a practical alternative to LM and ETT for airway management and CMV, but can compress the larynx. The FM is easily placed, but significant leakage occurs during CMV. 相似文献4.
Daniel M. Sakai Manuel Martin-Flores Marta Romano Chia T. Tseng Luis Campoy Robin D. Gleed Jonathan Cheetham 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(2):246-253
Objective
To determine if neuromuscular monitoring at the pelvic limb accurately reflects neuromuscular function in the larynx after administration of rocuronium in anesthetized dogs.Study design
Prospective experimental study.Animals
Six healthy Beagle dogs.Methods
Anesthesia was maintained in dogs with isoflurane and a continuous infusion of dexmedetomidine. Rocuronium (0.6 mg kg?1) was administered intravenously to induce neuromuscular block. Train-of-four (TOF) impulses were applied to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLn) and the peroneal nerve (Pn). The evoked TOF ratio (TOFR; T4:T1) was measured with electromyography (EMG) simultaneously at the larynx and at the pelvic limb. Spontaneous recoveries of T1 to 25% (T125%) and 75% (T175%) of twitch height, and to TOFR of 0.70 and 0.90 (TOFR0.90) at each EMG site were compared.Results
Data from five dogs were analyzed. Times to T125% were similar at the pelvic limb and larynx when measured by EMG; time to T175% was slower at the larynx by 6 ± 4 minutes (p = 0.012). The larynx had a slower recovery to TOFR0.70 (41 ± 13 minutes) and TOFR0.90 (45 ± 13 minutes) than did the pelvic limb [29 ± 8 minutes (p = 0.011) and 33 ± 9 minutes (p = 0.003), respectively]. When the pelvic limb EMG returned to TOFR0.70 and TOFR0.90, the larynx EMG TOFR0.70 and TOFR0.90 values were 0.32 ± 0.12 (p = 0.001) and 0.38 ± 0.13 (p = 0.001), respectively.Conclusions and clinical relevance
After administration of rocuronium, neuromuscular function assessed by EMG recovered approximately 36% slower at the larynx than at the pelvic limb. The results in these dogs suggest that quantitative neuromuscular monitoring instrumented at a pelvic limb may be unable to exclude residual block at the larynx in anesthetized dogs. 相似文献5.
Tamas D. Ambrisko Johannes Schramel Klaus Hopster Sabine Kästner Yves Moens 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(2):264-272
Objective
To examine changes in the distribution of ventilation and regional lung compliances in anaesthetized horses during the alveolar recruitment manoeuvre (ARM).Study design
Experimental study in which a series of treatments were administered in a fixed order on one occasion.Animals
Five adult Warmblood horses.Methods
Animals were anaesthetized (xylazine, midazolam–ketamine, isoflurane), placed in dorsal recumbency and ventilated with 100% oxygen using peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 20 cmH2O and 0 cmH2O, respectively. Thoracic electrical impedance tomography (EIT), spirometry and routine anaesthesia monitoring were performed. At 90 minutes after induction of anaesthesia, PIP and PEEP were increased in steps of 5 cmH2O to 50 cmH2O and 30 cmH2O, respectively, and then decreased to baseline values. Each step lasted 10 minutes. Data were recorded and functional EIT images were created using three breaths at the end of each step. Arterial blood samples were analysed. Values for left-to-right and sternal-to-dorsal centre of ventilation (COV), lung compliances and Bohr dead space were calculated.Results
Distribution of ventilation drifted leftward and dorsally during recruitment. Mean ± standard deviation (SD) values at baseline and highest airway pressures, respectively, were 49.9 ± 0.7% and 48.0 ± 0.6% for left-to-right COV (p = 0.009), and 46.3 ± 2.0% and 54.6 ± 2.0% for sternal-to-dorsal COV (p = 0.0001). Compliance of dependent lung regions and PaO2 increased, whereas compliance of non-dependent lung regions decreased during ARM and then returned to baseline (p < 0.001). Bohr dead space decreased after ARM (p = 0.007). Interestingly, PaO2 correlated to the compliance of the dependent lung (r2 = 0.71, p < 0.001).Conclusions and clinical relevance
The proportion of tidal volume distributed to dependent and left lung regions increased during ARM, presumably as a result of opening atelectasis. Monitoring compliance of the dependent lung with EIT may substitute PaO2 measurements during ARM to identify an optimal PEEP. 相似文献6.
Carrie A. Davis Reza Seddighi Sherry K. Cox Xiaocun Sun Christine M. Egger Thomas J. Doherty 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):727-737
Objective
To determine the effect of fentanyl on the induction dose of propofol and minimum infusion rate required to prevent movement in response to noxious stimulation (MIRNM) in dogs.Study design
Crossover experimental design.Animals
Six healthy, adult intact male Beagle dogs, mean ± standard deviation 12.6 ± 0.4 kg.Methods
Dogs were administered 0.9% saline (treatment P), fentanyl (5 μg kg?1) (treatment PLDF) or fentanyl (10 μg kg?1) (treatment PHDF) intravenously over 5 minutes. Five minutes later, anesthesia was induced with propofol (2 mg kg?1, followed by 1 mg kg?1 every 15 seconds to achieve intubation) and maintained for 90 minutes by constant rate infusions (CRIs) of propofol alone or with fentanyl: P, propofol (0.5 mg kg?1 minute?1); PLDF, propofol (0.35 mg kg?1 minute?1) and fentanyl (0.1 μg kg?1 minute?1); PHDF, propofol (0.3 mg kg?1 minute?1) and fentanyl (0.2 μg kg?1 minute?1). Propofol CRI was increased or decreased based on the response to stimulation (50 V, 50 Hz, 10 mA), with 20 minutes between adjustments. Data were analyzed using a mixed-model anova and presented as mean ± standard error.Results
ropofol induction doses were 6.16 ± 0.31, 3.67 ± 0.21 and 3.33 ± 0.42 mg kg?1 for P, PLDF and PHDF, respectively. Doses for PLDF and PHDF were significantly decreased from P (p < 0.05) but not different between treatments. Propofol MIRNM was 0.60 ± 0.04, 0.29 ± 0.02 and 0.22 ± 0.02 mg kg?1 minute?1 for P, PLDF and PHDF, respectively. MIRNM in PLDF and PHDF was significantly decreased from P. MIRNM in PLDF and PHDF were not different, but their respective percent decreases of 51 ± 3 and 63 ± 2% differed (p = 0.035).Conclusions and clinical relevance
Fentanyl, at the doses studied, caused statistically significant and clinically important decreases in the propofol induction dose and MIRNM. 相似文献7.
Fire plays a central role in influencing ecosystem patterns and processes. However, documentation of fire seasonality and plant community response is limited in semiarid grasslands. We evaluated aboveground biomass, cover, and frequency response to summer, fall, and spring fires and no fire on silty and clayey sites in semiarid, C3-dominated grassland. The magnitude of change in biomass between years was greater than any differences among fire treatments. Still, differences existed among seasons of fire. Summer fire reduced non-native annual forb frequency (3% vs. 10% ± 2%) and Hesperostipa comata, reduced native annual forbs the first year, increased Poa secunda and bare ground, and increased Vulpia octoflora the second year. Fall fire increased grass biomass (1224 vs. 1058 ± 56 kg ? ha? 1), but fall fire effects were generally similar to those of summer fire. Spring fire effects tended to be intermediate between no fire and summer and fall fire with the exception that spring fire was most detrimental to H. comata the first growing season and did not increase bare ground. All seasons of fire reduced litter, forb biomass, and frequency of Bromus japonicus and Artemisia spp., and they reduced H. comata, V. octoflora, and native annual forbs the first year, but increased basal cover of C3 perennial grasses (2.2% vs. 0.6% ± 0.4%). Fire during any season increased dominance of native species compared with no fire (6.6% vs. 2.0% ± 1.0% basal cover) and maintained productivity. Seasonal timing of fire manipulated species composition, but increased C3 perennial grass cover and native species dominance with fire during any season indicated that using fire was more important than the season in which it occurred. In addition, fire effects on the vegetation components tended to be counter to previously observed effects of grazing, suggesting fire and grazing may be complementary. 相似文献
8.
Rachel C. Hector Marlis L. Rezende Khursheed R. Mama Eugene P. Steffey Heather K. Knych Ann M. Hess Juhana M. Honkavaara Marja R. Raekallio Outi M. Vainio 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):755-765
Objective
To determine the effects of low and high dose infusions of dexmedetomidine and a peripheral α2-adrenoceptor antagonist, MK-467, on sevoflurane minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) in dogs.Study design
Crossover experimental study.Animals
Six healthy, adult Beagle dogs weighing 12.6 ± 0.9 kg (mean ± standard deviation).Methods
Dogs were anesthetized with sevoflurane in oxygen. After a 60-minute instrumentation and equilibration period, the MAC of sevoflurane was determined in triplicate using the tail clamp technique. PaCO2 and temperature were maintained at 40 ± 5 mmHg (5.3 ± 0.7 kPa) and 38 ± 0.5 ºC, respectively. After baseline MAC determination, dogs were administered two incremental loading and infusion doses of either dexmedetomidine (1.5 μg kg?1 then 1.5 μg kg?1 hour?1 and 4.5 μg kg?1 then 4.5 μg kg?1 hour?1) or MK-467 (90 μg kg?1 then 90 μg kg?1 hour?1 and 180 μg kg?1 then 180 μg kg?1 hour?1); loading doses were administered over 10 minutes. MAC was redetermined in duplicate starting 30 minutes after the start of drug administration at each dose. End-tidal sevoflurane concentrations were corrected for calibration and adjusted to sea level. A repeated-measures analysis was performed and comparisons between doses were conducted using Tukey's method. Statistical significance was considered at p < 0.05.Results
Sevoflurane MAC decreased significantly from 1.86 ± 0.3% to 1.04 ± 0.1% and 0.57 ± 0.1% with incremental doses of dexmedetomidine. Sevoflurane MAC significantly increased with high dose MK-467, from 1.93 ± 0.3% to 2.29 ± 0.5%.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Dexmedetomidine caused a dose-dependent decrease in sevoflurane MAC, whereas MK-467 caused an increase in MAC at the higher infusion dose. Further studies evaluating the combined effects of dexmedetomidine and MK-467 on MAC and cardiovascular function may elucidate potential benefits of the addition of a peripheral α2-adrenergic antagonist to inhalation anesthesia in dogs. 相似文献9.
Jonathon M. Congdon Pedro Boscan Clara S.S. Goh Marlis Rezende 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):915-924
Objective
To assess the efficacy of psoas compartment and sacral plexus block for pelvic limb amputation in dogs.Study design
Prospective clinical study.Animals
A total of 16 dogs aged 8 ± 3 years and weighing 35 ± 14 kg (mean ± standard deviation).Methods
Dogs were administered morphine (0.5 mg kg?1) and atropine (0.02 mg kg?1); anesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane. Regional blocks were performed before surgery in eight dogs with bupivacaine (2.2 mg kg?1) and eight dogs were administered an equivalent volume of saline. The lumbar plexus within the psoas compartment was identified using electrolocation lateral to the lumbar vertebrae at the fourth–fifth, fifth–sixth and sixth–seventh vertebral interspaces. The sacral plexus, ventrolateral to the sacrum, was identified using electrolocation. Anesthesia was monitored using heart rate (HR), invasive blood pressure, electrocardiography, expired gases, respiratory frequency and esophageal temperature by an investigator unaware of the group allocation. Pelvic limb amputation by coxofemoral disarticulation was performed. Dogs that responded to surgical stimulation (>10% increase in HR or arterial pressure) were administered fentanyl (2 μg kg?1) intravenously for rescue analgesia. Postoperative pain was assessed at extubation; 30, 60 and 120 minutes; and the morning after surgery using a visual analog scale (VAS).Results
The number of intraoperative fentanyl doses was fewer in the bupivacaine group (2.7 ± 1.1 versus 6.0 ± 2.2; p < 0.01). Differences in physiologic variables were not clinically significant. VAS scores were lower in bupivacaine dogs at extubation (0.8 ± 1.9 versus 3.8 ± 2.5) and at 30 minutes (1.0 ± 1.4 versus 4.3 ± 2.1; p < 0.05).Conclusions and clinical relevance
Psoas compartment (lumbar plexus) and sacral plexus block provided analgesia during pelvic limb amputation in dogs. 相似文献10.
11.
Alonso G.P. Guedes Caitlin C. Tearney Alessia Cenani Fabio Aristizabal Jorge Nieto 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(2):273-280
Objective
To compare postanesthetic xylazine and dexmedetomidine on recovery characteristics from sevoflurane anesthesia in horses.Study design
Randomized, crossover study.Animals
Six geldings, mean ± standard deviation (SD) (range), 17 ± 4 (11–24) years and 527 ± 80 (420–660) kg.Methods
Horses were anesthetized with sevoflurane for 60 minutes under standardized conditions for a regional limb perfusion study. In recovery, horses were administered either xylazine (200 μg kg?1) or dexmedetomidine (0.875 μg kg?1) intravenously. Recoveries were unassisted and were video-recorded for later evaluation of recovery events and quality by two individuals unaware of treatment allocation. Recovery quality was assessed using a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS) (0 = poor recovery, 100 = excellent recovery), the Edinburgh Scoring System (ESS) (0–100; 100 = excellent recovery) and the mean attempt interval (MAI) (longer = better). Data are mean ± SD.Results
All recovery quality assessments (xylazine and dexmedetomidine, respectively: VAS: 71 ± 21 mm, 84 ± 13 mm; ESS: 65 ± 22, 67 ± 30; MAI: 52 ± 24 minutes, 60 ± 32 minutes) and events (first limb movement: 37 ± 8 minutes, 42 ± 10 minutes; first attempt to lift head: 44 ± 12 minutes, 48 ± 9 minutes; first attempt to sternal posture: 57 ± 28 minutes, 50 ± 7 minutes; number of head bangs: 2.0 ± 3.0, 0.5 ± 0.5; time to first attempt to stand: 72 ± 6 minutes, 78 ± 13 minutes; time to standing: 79 ± 14 minutes, 84 ± 13 minutes) did not differ significantly between treatments (p > 0.05).Conclusions and clinical relevance
Recovery characteristics did not differ significantly between postanesthetic xylazine and dexmedetomidine following 1 hour of sevoflurane anesthesia in horses in this study. Further evaluations in more horses and in younger horses are required to confirm these results. 相似文献12.
Aleksandr Semjonov Vladimir Andrianov Jacobus P. Raath Toomas Orro Derik Venter Liesel Laubscher Silke Pfitzer 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):883-889
Objective
The combination of butorphanol, azaperone and medetomidine (BAM) with subsequent antagonism by naltrexone–yohimbine or naltrexone–atipamezole was evaluated for reversible immobilization of captive African lions (Panthea leo).Study design
Prospective, clinical trial.Animals
Twenty lions, 11 males and nine females, weighing 38–284 kg were immobilized in South Africa.Methods
The BAM volume dose rate administered was 0.005–0.008 mL kg?1 (0.6 mL 100 kg?1). Physiologic variables were recorded every 5 minutes. Four arterial blood samples were collected from all animals at 20, 30, 40 and 50 minutes after immobilization for analysis of blood-gases and acid-base status.Results
The actual doses administered were as follows: butorphanol, 0.18 ± 0.03 mg kg?1; azaperone, 0.07 ± 0.01 mg kg?1; and medetomidine, 0.07 ± 0.01 mg kg?1. The inductions were calm and smooth, and induction time ranged from 4 to 10 minutes (7 ± 2 minutes). The amount of time needed to work with each lion was 70 minutes, and no additional drug doses were needed. Heart rate (40 ± 8 beats minute?1) and respiratory frequency (15 ± 4 breaths minute?1) were stable throughout immobilization. The mean arterial blood pressure of all animals was stable but elevated (142 ± 16 mmHg). The rectal temperature slightly increased over time but remained within acceptable range. The recovery time was significantly shorter when using naltrexone and atipamezole (9 ± 1 minutes) compared to using naltrexone and yohimbine (22 ± 7 minutes).Conclusion and clinical relevance
The BAM combination proved to be reliable for general veterinary anaesthesia in lions. During anaesthesia, minor veterinary procedures such a blood collection, intubation, vaccination and collaring could safely be performed with no additional dosing required. 相似文献13.
In this study the disposition kinetics and plasma availability of moxifloxacin in Muscovy ducks after single intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.) and oral (p.o.) administrations of 5 mg kg?1 b.wt. were investigated. The concentrations of moxifloxacin in the plasma were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection on samples collected at frequent intervals after drug administration. Following intravenous injection, the decline in plasma drug concentration was bi-exponential with half-lives of (t1/2α) 0.22 ± 0.10 h and (t1/2β) 2.49 ± 0.26 h for distribution and elimination phases, respectively. The volume of distribution at steady-state (Vdss) was 1.02 ± 0.14 l kg?1 and the total body clearance (Cltot) was 0.32 ± 0.11 l kg?1 h?1, respectively. After intramuscular and oral administration of moxifloxacin at the same dose the peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) were 2.38 ± 0.43 and 2.11 ± 0.36 μg ml?1 and were obtained at 1.47 ± 0.26 and 1.83 ± 0.16 h (Tmax), respectively, the elimination half-lives (T1/2el) were 3.14 ± 0.42 and 2.63 ± 0.44 h, respectively, and AUC0–24 were 15.87 ± 2.35 and 14.52 ± 2.37 μg ml?1 h?1, respectively. The systemic bioavailabilities were 96.36 ± 11.54% and 86.79 ± 12.64%, respectively. In vitro plasma protein binding percent was 32%. We concluded that moxifloxacin might be clinically interesting alternative for the treatment of most sensitive bacterial infections in Muscovy ducks. 相似文献
14.
Nikki J. Kells N.J. Beausoleil M.A. Sutherland R.M. Morrison Craig B. Johnson 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1166-1174
Objective
To evaluate the efficacy of oral meloxicam, topical anaesthetic cream and cautery iron in mitigating acute nociceptive responses of pigs to tail docking.Study design
A prospective, randomized, controlled experimental study.Animals
A total of 40 healthy Large White x Landrace pigs aged 21 ± 1 days, weighing 6.1 ± 0.9 kg.Methods
Pigs were randomly assigned to one of four treatments (n = 10 per treatment): CONTROL: docked using clippers without analgesia; MEL: docked using clippers after administration of oral meloxicam; EMLA: docked using clippers after application of topical anaesthetic cream; and CAUT: docked using a cautery iron without analgesia. Anaesthesia was induced and maintained with halothane in oxygen. Following induction, end-tidal halothane was stabilized at 0.95–1.05% and electroencephalograph (EEG) recording commenced. After 5 minutes of baseline data collection, tail docking was performed and recording continued for a further 10 minutes. The EEG summary variables median frequency (F50), 95% spectral edge frequency (F95) and total power (PTOT) were calculated for the baseline period and for consecutive 30-second intervals following docking.Results
Following docking, F50 increased and PTOT decreased significantly in CONTROL and MEL pigs. EMLA pigs exhibited no change in any variable, whilst CAUT pigs exhibited a reduction in PTOT but no change in F50. F50 was higher in control pigs than in EMLA pigs 30–60 seconds after docking (p ≤ 0.01). PTOT was lower in CONTROL than in EMLA pigs 30–90 seconds after docking (p < 0.03) and in CAUT pigs 60 seconds after docking (p = 0.01).Conclusions and clinical relevance
Prior application of EMLA cream abolished EEG indicators of nociception in pigs docked using clippers. Docking using a cautery iron without analgesia ameliorated EEG indicators of nociception, relative to using clippers without analgesia. Prior administration of EMLA cream or the use of cautery instead of clippers may reduce the acute pain experienced by pigs undergoing tail docking. 相似文献15.
M.L. Russell L.T. Vermeire A.C. Ganguli J.R. Hendrickson 《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2019,72(3):542-550
Despite the importance of vegetative reproduction in annual tiller replacement, little is known about the patterns and timing of tiller recruitment from the bud bank, especially regarding fire return intervals and seasons of fire. We examined aboveground plant density, temporal patterns of tiller production, and belowground bud bank dynamics for Bouteloua gracilis (Willd ex. Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths), Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A. Löve, and Hesperostipa comata (Trin. & Rupr.) Barkworth following summer, fall, and spring prescribed fires at 2-yr, 3-yr, and 6-yr fire return intervals, and their interactions. Fire treatments were initiated in 2006, and buds were assessed July 2011 through July 2013. Density and number of reproductive B. gracilis tillers increased in 2013 following drought during 2012, unlike H. comata, which decreased reproductive tiller production. Irrespective of fire treatments, B. gracilis produced the most buds (8 ? 10 buds ? tiller? 1) and H. comata produced the least (2 ? 3 buds ? tiller? 1), with P. smithii producing an intermediate amount (6 ? 8 buds ? tiller? 1). Immediate B. gracilis and P. smithii bud mortality did not occur for all season and fire return interval treatments. However, H. comata bud mortality increased immediately following summer and fall prescribed fires. Three-yr fire return intervals increased active buds throughout the 2013 winter and growing season for B. gracilis and P. smithii relative to control plots and 2- and 6-yr fire return intervals. Fire stimulated bud activity of B. gracilis and P. smithii relative to nonburned plots. The aboveground and belowground response of H. comata indicated meristem limitations following fire treatments, illustrating greater vulnerability to fire for that species than B. gracilis and P. smithii. 相似文献
16.
17.
G.A. Albarellos L. Montoya M.F. Landoni 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2011,187(1):129-132
The aim of this study was to characterise the pharmacokinetic properties of different formulations of erythromycin in cats. Erythromycin was administered as lactobionate (4 mg/kg intravenously (IV)), base (10 mg/kg, intramuscularly (IM)) and ethylsuccinate tablets or suspension (15 mg/kg orally (PO)). After IV administration, the major pharmacokinetic parameters were (mean ± SD): area under the curve (AUC)(0–∞) 2.61 ± 1.52 μg h/mL; volume of distribution (Vz) 2.34 ± 1.76 L/kg; total body clearance (Clt) 2.10 ± 1.37 L/h kg; elimination half-life (t½λ) 0.75 ± 0.09 h and mean residence time (MRT) 0.88 ± 0.13 h. After IM administration, the principal pharmacokinetic parameters were (mean ± DS): peak concentration (Cmax), 3.54 ± 2.16 μg/mL; time of peak (Tmax), 1.22 ± 0.67 h; t½λ, 1.94 ± 0.21 h and MRT, 3.50 ± 0.82 h. The administration of erythromycin ethylsuccinate (tablets and suspension) did not result in measurable serum concentrations. After IM and IV administrations, erythromycin serum concentrations were above minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)90 = 0.5 μg/mL for 7 and 1.5 h, respectively. However, these results should be interpreted cautiously since tissue erythromycin concentrations have not been measured and can reach much higher concentrations than in blood, which may be associated with enhanced clinical efficacy. 相似文献
18.
Kirk A. Muñoz Sheilah A. Robertson Deborah V. Wilson 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):766-774
Objective
To determine the intubation dose and select physiologic effects of alfaxalone alone or in combination with midazolam or ketamine in dogs.Study design
Prospective, clinical study.Animals
Fifty-three healthy client-owned dogs [mean ± standard deviation (SD)] 5.1 ± 1.8 years, 27 ± 15.4 kg, scheduled for elective orthopedic surgery.Methods
After premedication with acepromazine (0.02 mg kg–1) and hydromorphone (0.1 mg kg–1) intramuscularly, alfaxalone (0.25 mg kg–1) was administered intravenously over 15 seconds followed immediately by 0.9% saline (AS), midazolam (0.3 mg kg–1; AM), ketamine (1 mg kg–1; AK1), or ketamine (2 mg kg–1; AK2). Additional alfaxalone (0.25 mg kg–1 increments) was administered as required to permit endotracheal intubation. The incidence of apnea and the time from intubation until spontaneous movement were recorded. Heart rate (HR) and blood pressure were recorded 15 minutes after premedication, after intubation and 2, 5, 10 and 15 minutes thereafter. Blood was collected for measurement of serum glucose and insulin concentrations before induction, after intubation and at 2, 5, 10 and 50 minutes. Data were analyzed by split-plot anova with Bonferroni adjustment for the number of group comparisons.Results
Mean ± SD alfaxalone mg kg–1 doses required for endotracheal intubation were AS (1.0 ± 0.4), AM (0.4 ± 0.2), AK1 (0.5 ± 0.3) and AK2 (0.5 ± 0.4) (p = 0.0005). Differences in cardiopulmonary variables among groups were minor; HR decreased in AS, while in other groups, HR increased transiently postintubation. Incidence of apnea in AS was 54% with no significant difference among groups. Midazolam significantly prolonged time from intubation until spontaneous movement (p < 0.002).Conclusions and clinical relevance
Midazolam and ketamine reduced the alfaxalone dose required for endotracheal intubation. Serum glucose and insulin concentrations were not influenced by administration of alfaxalone alone or when administered with midazolam or ketamine. 相似文献19.
Objective
To evaluate the transdermal local anaesthetic effect of lidocaine or lidocaine combined with prilocaine or tetracaine in horses.Study design
Experimental, randomized study.Animals
A total of five healthy adult warmblood horses.Methods
Horses were clipped bilaterally at the withers, cranial saddle area and caudal saddle area. Baseline measurements for mechanical superficial sensation via von Frey filaments and nociceptive thermal thresholds were performed. A 5% lidocaine patch (12 hour exposure, treatment L), a lidocaine/prilocaine cream (each 2.5%, treatment LP) and a lidocaine/tetracaine cream (each 7%, treatment LT) were applied (both 2 hour exposure). The same product was applied at the same location bilaterally, but on the right side an epidermal micro-perforation (dermaroller, 1200 needles) was performed prior to application. A total of five more measurements were performed at each location, immediately at the end of exposure time followed by hourly measurements. Thermal thresholds normalized to thermal excursion were analysed. One- or two-way anova and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used for statistical analysis with p < 0.05 considered significant.Results
Epidermal micro-perforation had no enhancing effect. Treatments L, LP, and LT resulted in increased thermal excursion (%) immediately (84.7 ± 12.9; 100.0 ± 0.0; 100.0 ± 0.0) and 1 hour (81.7 ± 66; 86.0 ± 17.7; 87.7 ± 14.4) after the removal of the respective product compared to baseline (66.1 ± 9.3; 69.9 ± 8.3; 76.5 ± 7.8). Superficial mechanical sensation was decreased by the lidocaine-and-tetracaine cream at all time points, and by the lidocaine patch and lidocaine-and-prilocaine cream for three measurements.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Eutectic mixtures of lidocaine with either prilocaine or tetracaine led to a reduction in thermal nociception and mechanical sensation for up to 2 hours. 相似文献20.
Caroline S. Monk Dennis E. Brooks Tiffany Granone Fernando L. Garcia-Pereira Alexander Melesko Caryn E. Plummer 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):502-508