黄淮海平原地区深松和灌水次数对冬小麦- 夏玉米节水增产的影响

目的 研究黄淮海平原地区冬小麦-夏玉米不同深松时机交互不同灌水次数对作物产量及水分生产效率的影响,为优化黄淮海地区土壤耕作方式提供理论依据。方法 采用土壤耕作方式与灌水次数相结合的方法,设置秋深松+冬小麦2水（QS-2）、秋深松+冬小麦3水（QS-3）、夏深松+冬小麦2水（XS-2）、夏深松+冬小麦3水（XS-3）、对照（CK）共5个处理,研究深松与灌水次数对冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟农田土壤物理性质、植株生长发育、产量、总产出值及水分生产效率等的影响。结果 深松和灌水次数对土壤容重、土壤紧实度、土壤储水量、总产出值、水分生产效率均有不同程度显著影响。与对照相比,QS-2、XS-2、XS-3处理均显著降低深松后第1年土壤耕层（0—40 cm）及深松后第2年0—20 cm土层的土壤容重;深松各处理均显著降低第1年土壤紧实度,对第2年土壤紧实度影响效果不明显;秋深松后第2年QS-2处理的冬小麦整个生育期平均土壤储水量较CK显著增加18.14%,QS-3处理次之,夏深松后第2年XS-2、XS-3处理分别较CK显著提高24.7%、25.6%;秋深松能显著提高当季冬小麦生长发育,QS-2、QS-3处理地上生物量分别较CK增加了19.29%、27.06%,第2年QS-2和QS-3处理地上生物量较CK均有所提高,差异不显著,秋深松对第2年冬小麦生长发育影响效果减弱,夏深松第2年XS-2和XS-3处理的叶面积和地上生物量均较对照显著提高,夏深松能显著促进后茬冬小麦生长发育;QS-2处理对2年冬小麦-夏玉米总产出值和水分生产效率均显著提高,第1年总产出值和水分生产效率分别较CK提高27.21%、23.51%,第2年分别提高19.54%、18.84%,夏深松显著提高第2年冬小麦-夏玉米总产出值及水分生产效率,XS-2处理分别提高18.50%、17.65%,XS-3处理分别提高19.57%、15.35%。结论 黄淮海平原冬小麦-夏玉米连作采用冬小麦播前秋深松耕作方式,冬小麦全生育期灌水2次,有利于降低农田土壤容重、降低土壤紧实度、提高土壤储水效果、显著提高深松周期内冬小麦-夏玉米总产出值及水分生产效率。建议在黄淮海平原地区平水年和丰水年（夏玉米季降雨充沛）,冬小麦-夏玉米种植区采用秋深松+冬小麦灌2水耕作模式,实现高产与高效。     

冬小麦-夏玉米生产体系中播前耕作对夏玉米产量形成的影响

【目的】黄淮海夏玉米区是典型的一年两熟制种植制度区,统筹研究冬小麦和夏玉米播前耕作对夏玉米产量形成的影响,为冬小麦夏玉米周年高产高效生产耕作模式的改进提供科学依据。【方法】以郑单958（ZD958）为试验材料,设置冬小麦播前旋耕夏玉米播前免耕（RN）、冬小麦播前翻耕夏玉米播前免耕（MN）与冬小麦播前翻耕夏玉米播前旋耕（MR）3个试验处理,其中RN作为对照（CK）,研究冬小麦和夏玉米播前耕作对夏玉米产量及其构成因素、叶面积指数、干物质积累与分配和籽粒灌浆特性等的影响。【结果】冬小麦与夏玉米播前耕作均对夏玉米产量影响显著。与RN相比,MN和MR处理夏玉米的叶面积指数、花后干物质积累量、花后干物质积累所占比例、籽粒最大灌浆速率分别提高15.01%、21.14%、3.21%、15.00%和16.44%、24.92%、4.49%、12.60%,即冬小麦播前翻耕提高了夏玉米叶面积指数、花后干物质积累及其向籽粒分配比例和籽粒最大灌浆速率,进而提高穗粒数与粒重,有利于产量提高。与RN相比,MN和MR处理的产量分别提高24.03%和30.61%。夏玉米播前旋耕对干物质向籽粒分配比例,籽粒灌浆速率无显著影响,但显著提高了出苗率,进而增加群体数量,提高产量;与MN相比,MR处理的出苗率提高6.29%,这是其产量较MN提高5.23%的主要原因。【结论】与冬小麦播前旋耕夏玉米播前免耕（RN）相比,冬小麦播前翻耕夏玉米播前旋耕（MR）与冬小麦播前翻耕和夏玉米免耕（MN）均显著提高夏玉米的产量。尽管冬小麦播前翻耕夏玉米播前旋耕（MR）的产量较冬小麦播前翻耕和夏玉米免耕（MN）高5.23%,但结合生产实际,冬小麦播前翻耕和夏玉米免耕播种（MN）更有利于该区域夏玉米的高产高效生产。     

播/收期对冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟模式周年 气候资源分配与利用特征的影响

【目的】优化冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟模式周年气候资源配置,探索两季最佳的资源搭配模式,进一步挖掘当前气候和生产条件下黄淮海地区周年产量潜力和资源利用效率。【方法】本研究通过10月上旬至12月上旬设置冬小麦不同播期和夏玉米不同收获期,建立了5种冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟模式周年气候资源分配方式,于2015—2017年在中国农业科学院河南新乡试验站进行田间试验,对其产量、光温水等气候资源分配及利用特征进行研究。【结果】随冬小麦播期及夏玉米收获期推迟,两作物生长季光温水资源分配比例分别由处理Ⅰ的46%﹕54%、60%﹕40%、42%﹕58%调整至处理V的34%﹕66%、49%﹕51%、34%﹕66%范围内,小麦季生长天数及其分配的光温水资源量逐渐减少,将更多的资源分配到玉米季,从而导致小麦产量降低,但由于处理V的ZM66小麦品种维持了较高的穗数和穗粒数,因此与处理Ⅰ比产量降低不显著。然而,处理V玉米季生理生长时间较处理Ⅰ延长约15 d,2016和2017年光温水资源分配量分别增加143.8和120.7 MJ·m^-2、290.5和281.6℃、12.4和25.7 mm,粒重分别增加13.1%和15.5%,周年产量两年分别提高7.9%和6.7%;籽粒脱水时间增加约45d,光温水资源分配量两年分别增加322.5和336.3 MJ·m^-2、509.6和497.8℃、56.7和14.1mm,籽粒含水量降至14.4%—17.3%,达到机械直接收获标准。同时,由于处理V小麦季光温水资源分配量显著降低,特别是减少底墒水和越冬水灌溉约150mm,2016和2017年其光能、温度和水分生产效率较处理Ⅰ分别提高12.5%和15.8%、10.9%和7.7%、39.6%和59.3%,玉米季虽然光能、温度生产效率有所降低,但水分生产效率显著提高,因此周年光能、温度和水分生产效率两年分别提高7.3%和9.1%、5.6%和5.1%、17.3%和29.3%。【结论】在不增加任何投入的前提下通过播/收期的调整（小麦12月上旬播种,玉米11月中旬收获）优化冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟模式周年气候资源配置,可进一步提升其周年产量和光温水资源利用效率,对于促进黄淮海冬小麦-夏玉米种植模式可持续发展具有重要意义。     

Water consumption in summer maize and winter wheat cropping system based on SEBAL model in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain,China

Crop consumptive water use is recognized as a key element to understand regional water management performance. This study documents an attempt to apply a regional evapotranspiration model(SEBAL) and crop information for assessment of regional crop(summer maize and winter wheat) actual evapotranspiration(ET a) in Huang-Huai-Hai(3H) Plain, China. The average seasonal ET a of summer maize and winter wheat were 354.8 and 521.5 mm respectively in 3H Plain. A high-ET a belt of summer maize occurs in piedmont plain, while a low ET a area was found in the hill-irrigable land and dry land area. For winter wheat, a high-ET a area was located in the middle part of 3H Plain, including low plain-hydropenia irrigable land and dry land, hill-irrigable land and dry land, and basin-irrigable land and dry land. Spatial analysis demonstrated a linear relationship between crop ET a, normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI), and the land surface temperature(LST). A stronger relationship between ET a and NDVI was found in the metaphase and last phase than other crop growing phase, as indicated by higher correlation coefficient values. Additionally, higher correlation coefficients were detected between ET a and LST than that between ET a and NDVI, and this significant relationship ran through the entire crop growing season. ET a in the summer maize growing season showed a significant relationship with longitude, while ET a in the winter wheat growing season showed a significant relationship with latitude. The results of this study will serve as baseline information for water resources management of 3H Plain.     

小麦玉米周年生产中耕作方式对夏玉米根系特性和产量的影响

【目的】黄淮海平原地区冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟,长期冬小麦免耕或旋耕、夏玉米免耕使耕层变浅,养分含量降低,对根系发育和产量造成影响。通过探讨冬小麦夏玉米周年生产中不同耕作模式来探寻小麦玉米周年中夏玉米高产高效生产的耕作模式及机理。【方法】供试品种选用郑单958(ZD958),3个试验处理为冬小麦播前旋耕夏玉米播前免耕(RN)、冬小麦播前翻耕夏玉米播前免耕(MN)与冬小麦播前翻耕夏玉米播前旋耕(MR),探究不同耕作方式对小麦玉米周年生产中夏玉米根干重、根冠比、根长、根表面积、根体积和节根数量等根系特性及产量的影响。【结果】MR与MN处理0—30 cm的根干重、根冠比、根长、根表面积、根体积、节根层数、节根条数及节根干重较RN处理差异显著,分别提高59.1%、37.5%、22.8%、41.1%、59.2%、5.9%、21.0%、50.8%和68.5%、50.0%、16.7%、33.7%、44.0%、3.9%、20.1%、57.6%;根系TTC还原强度、TTC还原量、活跃吸收面积、总吸收面积及根系伤流速率也有显著提高,分别提高82.6%、91.9%、33.9%、34.5%、24.0%和109.9%、108.5%、83.8%、65.1%、14.7%;与RN处理相比,MR与MN处理的有效穗数、穗粒数、千粒重显著增加,分别提高8.5%、11.7%、4.9%和3.9%、8.5%、4.2%,产量显著提高29.5%和23.7%。冬小麦播前翻耕可以显著改善夏玉米根系数量与质量特性,有利于提高产量。与MR处理相比,MN处理显著提高根系总吸收面积和活跃吸收面积,分别提高了22.8%、37.21%;但MN处理的根长、根表面积、根体积、节根层数、茎秆伤流速率、TTC还原量及TTC还原强度较MR处理没有达到显著性差异水平。MR处理与MN处理相比,其有效穗数提高4.7%,但两处理之间千粒重和穗粒数差异不大,产量没有达到显著差异水平。【结论】冬小麦播前翻耕夏玉米播前免耕(MN)与冬小麦播前翻耕夏玉米播前旋耕(MR)较冬小麦播前旋耕夏玉米播前免耕(RN)可显著提高根系特性从而提高了产量。而冬小麦播前翻耕夏玉米播前免耕(MN)和冬小麦播前翻耕夏玉米播前旋耕(MR)的根系特性指标和产量不具有显著性差异,表明小麦玉米周年生产中主要是冬小麦播前翻耕对夏玉米产量及根特性指标起主要作用。综合比较3种不同的耕作方式,冬小麦播前翻耕夏玉米免耕(MN)是黄淮海区夏玉米生产最为适宜的耕作方式。     

基于CiteSpace的华北冬小麦-夏玉米周年优化灌溉制度的节水潜力分析

为探究华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟制周年优化灌溉制度的节水潜力,基于文献计量学方法,系统梳理了1995—2020年有关华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟制周年优化灌溉制度的文献发文量、被引量、高影响力期刊、作者、研究单位、高频词、试验站点,以分析其研究态势,并利用CiteSpace进行了可视化与关联分析。在此基础上,进一步整理了该模式中高灌溉需水量作物冬小麦的关键节水技术,包括了工程节水技术(喷灌、滴灌、微喷灌)、生物节水技术(品种选育)与典型农艺节水技术(优化灌溉制度)等,系统分析了各节水技术对冬小麦产量、耗水量、水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:1)华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟制周年优化灌溉制度研究的相关发文量在近年来呈明显增加趋势,发展态势良好,但同时缺乏高被引论文。中国农业大学、中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心、河南农业大学发文数量排在前三位,分别占总发文数的27%、10%和10%,在该领域具有较高的活跃度;2)从高频词来看,该领域主要聚焦于水分利用效率、产量、光合特性、生长特性、模型模拟等。但相关领域也存在问题,如主要作者、一些研究机构间合作不够密切,田间实验站点分布不均匀且缺少长期稳定的定位观测试验等;3)对于高灌溉需水量作物冬小麦的文献计量研究表明,喷灌、滴灌、微喷灌、选用抗旱节水品种等技术,可降低田间耗水量7%~13%、产量不同程度增加2%~10%,水分利用效率提高约5%~28%。优化灌溉制度,减少灌溉次数,且根据不同降水年型保证冬小麦关键生育期的需水,可降低田间耗水9%~25%,产量降低2%~18%,水分利用效率提高约6%~9%。综上,为进一步保证粮食生产与水资源安全,应将冬小麦-夏玉米一年两茬作为一个整体来充分考虑周年的水分利用,合理优化周年的灌溉制度,构建整合配套的农艺节水技术体系和灌溉设备与技术。     

冬小麦夏玉米农田土壤呼吸与碳平衡的研究

为探讨不同农作措施下的农田碳平衡规律,研究农田对大气CO2的“源”、“汇”特征,2000年至2003年连续测定了不同秸秆管理、灌溉和氮肥施用等种植措施下华北冬小麦、夏玉米生长季的土壤呼吸。结果表明,农田CO2释放主要受气温、土壤水分状况和有机物投入量等因素的影响。秸秆还田与优化灌溉增加了土壤呼吸的强度,不同农作措施间土壤呼吸的差异主要发生在冬小麦生长季。对农田碳平衡研究的计算结果显示,农田系统在常规种植措施下表现为大气CO2的“汇”。在传统农作措施下,华北冬小麦、夏玉米生长季植物碳净固定量(NPP)与土壤碳排放量(Rm)的比值分别为1.16、1.21。     

气候变化对黄淮海地区夏玉米-冬小麦种植模式和产量的影响

【目的】全球气候正以变暖为主要特征发生显著变化,探究气候变化对黄淮海地区夏玉米-冬小麦种植制度的影响,为制定合理的应对措施提供理论依据。【方法】通过气象站点观测值的加权平均和一元线性回归分析黄淮海各省市地区1992—2013年来的气候变化特征。利用农业气象站点多年长期观察的夏玉米-冬小麦物候数据,通过加权求平均,分析气候变暖背景下夏玉米-冬小麦的生育期和茬口推移情况。采用一元线性回归分析1992—2013年来黄淮海地区夏玉米-冬小麦周年产量变化。同时利用非线性回归分析法和面板数据敏感性分析法分析气候变化对黄淮海地区夏玉米-冬小麦周年产量的影响。【结果】1992—2013年来,黄淮海地区温度整体呈现波动上升趋势,降水总量变化趋势不明显,但区域差异显著。在气候变化的背景下,黄淮海地区夏玉米-冬小麦种植模式发生明显改变:冬小麦播种时间推迟,生育期存在缩短趋势,不同地区缩短2—5 d不等;夏玉米播种时间南部推迟而北部提前,收获时间总体呈现推迟趋势,整个黄淮海地区生育时长未发生明显变化。茬口时间因夏玉米-冬小麦生育期的推移呈现不同程度延长,造成了气候和土地资源的浪费。1992—2013年间黄淮海地区夏玉米-冬小麦单产呈显著上升趋势,多数省份达到显著水平。非线性敏感性分析表明,最低温度、最高温度和平均温度对夏玉米-冬小麦产量的影响基本表现为同时增产或同时减产的一致性。冬小麦产量受最低温度的影响最为显著,东南部的江苏省和山东省减产明显,而北部河北省和西部河南省表现为增产。温度升高除对河南省夏玉米有增产作用外,其他省份夏玉米产量均出现不同程度的降低,这可能与温度升高的幅度不同和降水的区域性差异有关。降水量对夏玉米-冬小麦产量影响存在地区差异。总体上气候变暖对周年单产影响表现为北部增产,而南部减产,因而选择适宜早播且生育期长的夏玉米品种对保障周年产量具有重要意义。【结论】气候变暖背景下,黄淮海地区冬小麦播种时间推迟,生育期缩短,夏玉米生育期北部延长而南部缩短,生育期的推移导致茬口时间延长,造成了气候资源和土地资源的浪费。1992—2013年间夏玉米-冬小麦周年产量显著提高。温度升高和降水增加对产量的影响存在区域差异,整个区域平均来看升温使夏玉米减产,冬小麦增产;降水增加有利于黄淮海北部地区夏玉米的产量形成,对南部地区夏玉米产量则存在不利影响,而对黄淮海大部分地区冬小麦的产量形成不利。     

Experimental Investigation of Soil Evaporation and Evapotranspiration of Winter Wheat Under Sprinkler Irrigation

Sprinkler irrigation is one of the typical irrigation technologies used for the winter wheat-summer maize double cropping system in the North China Plain. To evaluate the evapotranspiration （ET） of winter wheat under sprinkler irrigation in Beijing area, field experiments were conducted in growing seasons through 2005-2008, in the experimental station located in Tongzhou County, Beijing, China, with different irrigation depths. Results indicated that a relatively large variation of soil water content occurred within 0-40 cm soil layer. The seasonal ET of winter wheat generally increased with increasing irrigation amount, while the seasonal usage of soil water had a negative relationship with irrigation amount. Soil evaporation （Es） was about 25% of winter wheat ET during the period from reviving to maturity. Es increased while Es/ET decreased with increasing irrigation amount. Sprinkler irrigation scheduling with relatively large irrigation quota and low irrigation frequency can reduce Es and promote the irrigation water use efficiency.     

冀中南多样化种植模式的适水效应分析

为优化冀中南作物种植结构,本研究以河北省典型地下水漏斗区邢台市为例,基于作物需水SIMETAW模型系统量化1965—2018年冬小麦、春棉花、春玉米、夏谷子、夏大豆和春绿豆等10种主要农作物的生育期需水量与灌溉需水量,针对当地不同降水年型和水资源条件以及不同作物的生育期、生长发育特点和前后茬作物的农学特性等构建11种不同的种植模式,分析不同种植模式需水及降水耦合度等参数。结果表明:1)各作物年均生育期需水量表现为春棉花(515.2mm)冬小麦(466.6mm)春玉米(424.9mm)春油葵(420.0mm)春甘薯(362.1mm)春马铃薯(354.2mm)夏大豆(313.9mm)夏玉米(298.7mm)春绿豆(288.1mm)夏谷子(217.5mm)。2)各作物年均生育期灌溉需水量表现为冬播作物春播作物夏播作物。冬小麦年均生育期灌溉需水量最大,为329.2mm;夏谷子最低,为82.8mm。3)传统麦玉一年两熟制周年需水量最大(753.4～780.3mm),相比之下,多样化轮作模式的生育期需水量可显著降低15%～34%,生育期灌溉需水量明显降低9%～32%。春玉米-冬小麦-夏玉米、春玉米-冬小麦-夏谷子、春甘薯-冬小麦-夏玉米和春甘薯-冬小麦-夏谷子等两年三熟制在丰水年、平水年和枯水年下的生育期需水量、灌溉需水量和周年需水量均较低。春绿豆-夏谷子一年两熟模式的年均生育期需水量最低,为504.4mm,年均生育期灌溉需水量为286.8mm。因此,在保证粮食安全的前提下,为减缓河北省地下水位持续下降的趋势,发展适水种植模式是节水农业的重要途径之一。     

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Reference Evapotranspiration and Its Sensitivity Coefficients to Climate Factors in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain,China

Climate change will have important implications in water shore regions, such as Huang-Huai-Hai (3H) plain, where expected warmer and drier conditions might augment crop water demand. Sensitivity analysis is important in understanding the relative importance of climatic variables to the variation in reference evapotranspiration (ET₀). In this study, the 51-yr ET₀ during winter wheat and summer maize growing season were calculated from a data set of daily climate variables in 40 meteorological stations. Sensitivity maps for key climate variables were estimated according to Kriging method and the spatial pattern of sensitivity coefficients for these key variables was plotted. In addition, the slopes of the linear regression lines for sensitivity coefficients were obtained. Results showed that ET₀ during winter wheat growing season accounted for the largest proportion of annual ET₀, due to its long phenological days, while ET₀ was detected to decrease significantly with the magnitude of 0.5 mm yr^?1 in summer maize growing season. Solar radiation is considered to be the most sensitive and primarily controlling variable for negative trend in ET₀ for summer maize season, and higher sensitive coefficient value of ET₀ to solar radiation and temperature were detected in east part and southwest part of 3H plain respectively. Relative humidity was demonstrated as the most sensitive factor for ET₀ in winter wheat growing season and declining relativity humidity also primarily controlled a negative trend in ET₀, furthermore the sensitivity coefficient to relative humidity increased from west to southeast. The eight sensitivity centrals were all found located in Shandong Province. These ET₀ along with its sensitivity maps under winter wheat-summer maize rotation system can be applied to predict the agricultural water demand and will assist water resources planning and management for this region.     

水氮对冬小麦-夏玉米产量及氮利用效应研究

【目的】水肥是作物产量的两大限制因子。当前在作物生产中对水氮资源利用不够合理,不仅浪费水资源,而且严重威胁环境。为了探讨华北山前平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系合理的水氮配合措施,在5年水氮定位试验基础上对周年轮作体系产量、氮吸收与利用状况进行了分析。【方法】试验为冬小麦夏玉米周年轮作种植,设置水、氮两因子,裂区试验设计,水分为主区,施氮量为副区。水分设置限水和适水两个处理,根据华北山前平原冬小麦夏玉米灌溉制度,冬小麦限水和适水下灌水次数分别为1水（拔节期）和2水（拔节+开花水）,夏玉米限水和适水下灌水次数根据不同年型降水量而定（1水为播前水,2水为播前水+12展叶水,3水为播前水+12展叶水+开花水）。周年设置6个施氮水平,小麦+玉米氮肥用量分别为（0+0）、（60+60）、（120+120）、（180+180）、（240+240）、（300+300）kg·hm^-2。【结果】在供水量较高和较适宜的条件下（年供水量大于609.5 mm）,水分不是氮肥肥效发挥的限制因素,氮肥对产量的贡献较大;而供水量较低的条件下,肥效受较大抑制,供水对产量贡献较大。供水量和施氮量有明显的耦合效应,限水和适水下得到最高产量的施氮量冬小麦分别为134.8和126.4 kg·hm^-2、夏玉米分别为176.8和127.2 kg·hm^-2。限水和适水下单季施氮量分别为300和240 kg·hm^-2时,地上部总氮量达较高值,但限水和适水下夏玉米和限水下冬小麦氮量超过60 kg·hm^-2、适水下冬小麦施氮量超过120 kg·hm^-2时,秸秆残留氮素明显增加,对籽粒氮的贡献变小。氮肥偏生产力随施氮量增加而降低,且随年度推移氮肥偏生产力明显降低,尤其是小麦季施氮量60 kg·hm^-2处理随年份增加降低尤为迅速。在本试验条件下周年施氮量限水240 kg·hm^-2、适水120 kg·hm^-2就能保持土壤有机质和全氮含量不降低。【结论】限水条件下水是限制氮肥肥效发挥的主要因素,通过改善水分条件可更有效的提高氮肥肥效,因此在干旱年型应降低施氮量。中高产田冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系限水和适水下得到最高产量的施氮量分别为311.6和253.6 kg·hm^-2,此时最佳产量可分别达16 127.5和17 272.9 kg·hm^-2。     

Determining placement criteria of moisture sensors through temporal stability analysis of soil water contents for a variable rate irrigation system

Developing placement criteria for soil moisture sensors is crucial in increasing the practical functionality of a variable rate irrigation (VRI) system. In this field study, the temporal stability pattern of soil water content was compared between VRI and uniform rate irrigation (URI) treatments during growing seasons of winter wheat and summer maize to determine the placement criteria of soil water sensors. The 1.64-ha experimental site located in a highly variable alluvial flood plain was divided into four management zones according to the available water holding capacity ranging from 152 to 205 mm within the 0.6 m soil profile. In each zone, two sub-zones were created to represent VRI and URI treatments. A temporal stability analysis of soil moisture was conducted by regularly measuring soil water contents at 62 locations in the field during the growing seasons. Results showed that the VRI management changed the overall similarity of soil moisture spatial patterns when crop water consumption was provided mainly by irrigation water rather than precipitation. In each management zone, every measuring position was a time-stable location with respect to the mean soil water content. Significant linear regressions were detected between the mean clay percentile in each management zone and the clay percentile representing the mean soil water content sites, and a nearly equivalent value of fitted equation coefficient was obtained for winter wheat (1.15) and summer maize (1.19). These results demonstrated that the temporal stability of soil water content spatial patterns still existed in each management zone with the VRI management, and the clay percentile supplied a priori identification for placement of soil moisture sensors.     

漳卫河平原农业水资源高效利用的模拟研究Ⅱ.水分生产函数的建立及灌溉制度优化

优化漳卫河平原冬小麦夏玉米轮作体系的灌溉制度,对进一步深入研究水资源严重短缺的河南省可持续农业的发展具有一定的示范意义。本研究以经过参数率定与模拟验证的SWAT为工具,设置了1种充分灌溉和9种非充分灌溉情形,拟合得到冬小麦和夏玉米的Jensen模型水分生产函数,在此基础上,以不考虑氮磷胁迫的历史灌溉情景为基本情形,设置了3种优化灌溉方案。模拟结果表明：与基本情景相比,轮作体系粮食稳产,平均节约灌溉用水16．13％,水分利用率平均提高3．05％;与相应时段的年鉴统计值和模拟的历史情景下的产量相比．最优情景下全区轮作体系粮食平均增产30．76％和6．47％;与模拟的历史情景相比,优化情号下轮作体系的水分利用率平均提高23．94％。     

不同降雨和灌溉模式对作物产量及农田氮素淋失的影响

【目的】定量化不同降雨和灌溉条件下农田氮素的淋失和作物产量,为不同降雨量年份的灌溉决策提供科学依据。【方法】在中国农业大学河北曲周实验站,依据该地40年（1966—2005）的气象资料,结合当地农民的习惯,设定了5种灌溉方式,即冬小麦季灌水3次,分别在越冬期、起身到拔节期和灌浆期,灌水量分别为：（A）无灌溉,（B）50 mm +50 mm +50 mm,（C）70 mm +70 mm +70 mm,（D）90 mm +90 mm +90 mm,（E）120 mm+ 120 mm +90 mm;夏玉米季灌水2次,分别在苗期和乳熟期,灌水量分别为：（A′）无灌溉,（B′）80 mm +0 mm,（C′）80 mm +70 mm,（D′）90 mm +80 mm,（E′）100 mm +100 mm。利用校验后的水氮管理模型,分析了不同降雨量和灌溉对氮素淋失和作物产量的影响。【结果】冬小麦产量随降雨和灌溉量的增加而增加。在综合考虑氮素淋失风险和作物产量的条件下,当降雨量＜200 mm（发生概率87.2%）时,可采用D灌溉方式,相应氮淋失量为0—30.9 kg N•hm-2;当降雨量＞200 mm（发生概率12.8%）,可采用C灌溉方式,相应氮素淋失量为0.06—41.2 kg N•hm-2。夏玉米产量也随灌水量的增加而增加,但降雨和灌溉总量超过600 mm时,产量下降;按降雨量可分为＜250 mm（发生概率17.9%）、250—450 mm（发生概率64.2%）、＞450 mm（发生概率17.9%）,分别采用D′、C′和B′的灌溉模式,相应的氮素淋失为0—7.3 kg N•hm-2,0—82.2 kg N•hm-2（其中84.2%的淋失水平为I级,淋失水平III级只有5.3%）和0—61.6 kg N•hm-2（其中I级概率为86.8%,III级只有2.6%）。【结论】不同降雨量采用不同的灌溉模式,既可以保证产量,又可以减少氮淋失。普通年份冬小麦季建议采用越冬期、起身到拔节期和灌浆期3次灌溉,每次灌水90 mm的模式。夏玉米季采用苗期和乳熟期灌溉,分别灌水80 mm和70 mm的模式。     

黄淮海中部地区作物水分胁迫和干旱研究结果

 根据河南巩县和山东泰安不同水分处理的冬小麦和夏玉米的农田试验资料，分析了两种作物的耗水规律，确定了最佳耗水量，求出干旱指标，阐述了农田水分变化规律，从提高水分利用效率和经济效益出发，制订了冬小麦的优化灌溉方案。事实表明这种优化灌溉方案能节约用水，对缓解水资源的紧张局面有重要意义。     

Improving water use efficiency in grain production of winter wheat and summer maize in the North China Plain: a review

Reducing irrigation water use by improving water use efficiency (WUE) in grain production is critical for the development of sustainable agriculture in the North China Plain (NCP). This article summarizes the research progresses in WUE improvement carried out at the Luancheng station located in the Northern part of NCP for the past three decades. Progresses in four aspects of yield and WUE improvement are presented, including yield and WUE improvement associated with cultivar selection, irrigation management for improving yield and WUE under limited water supply, managing root system for efficient soil water use and reducing soil evaporation by straw mulch. The results showed that annual average increase of 0.014 kg·m^-3 for winter wheat and 0.02 kg·m^-3 in WUE were observed for the past three decades, and this increase was largely associated with the improvement in harvest index related to cultivar renewal and an increase in chemical fertilizer use and soil fertility. The results also indicated that deficit irrigation for winter wheat could significantly reduce the irrigation water use, whereas the seasonal yield showed a smaller reduction rate and WUE was significantly improved. Straw mulching of summer maize using the straw from winter wheat could reduce seasonal soil evaporation by 30–40 mm. With new cultivars and improved management practices it was possible to further increase grain production without much increase in water use. Future strategies to further improve WUE are also discussed.     

Suitability of the DNDC model to simulate yield production and nitrogen uptake for maize and soybean intercropping in the North China Plain

Intercropping is an important agronomic practice. However, assessment of intercropping systems using field experiments is often limited by time and cost. In this study, the suitability of using the DeNitrification DeComposition(DNDC) model to simulate intercropping of maize(Zea mays L.) and soybean(Glycine max L.) and its aftereffect on the succeeding wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) crop was tested in the North China Plain. First, the model was calibrated and corroborated to simulate crop yield and nitrogen(N) uptake based on a field experiment with a typical double cropping system. With a wheat crop in winter, the experiment included five treatments in summer: maize monoculture, soybean monoculture, intercropping of maize and soybean with no N topdressing to maize(N0), intercropping of maize and soybean with 75 kg N ha~(–1) topdressing to maize(N75), and intercropping of maize and soybean with 180 kg N ha~(–1) topdressing to maize(N180). All treatments had 45 kg N ha~(–1) as basal fertilizer. After calibration and corroboration, DNDC was used to simulate long-term(1955 to 2012) treatment effects on yield. Results showed that DNDC could stringently capture the yield and N uptake of the intercropping system under all N management scenarios, though it tended to underestimate wheat yield and N uptake under N0 and N75. Long-term simulation results showed that N75 led to the highest maize and soybean yields per unit planting area among all treatments, increasing maize yield by 59% and soybean yield by 24%, resulting in a land utilization rate 42% higher than monoculture. The results suggest a high potential to promote soybean production by intercropping soybean with maize in the North China Plain, which will help to meet the large national demand for soybean.     

耕作方式与秸秆还田对冬小麦-夏玉米耗水特性和水分利用效率的影响

【目的】黄淮海地区是中国粮食主产区之一,但农业生产中旱涝频繁发生,同时还存在土壤紧实、耕层变浅和土壤蓄水保墒能力低等问题,严重影响了该区的粮食生产。耕作方式和秸秆还田作为农业生产中两项重要的技术措施,对改善土壤结构、提高土壤蓄水能力和水分利用效率有显著作用。本文旨在探索耕作方式、秸秆还田以及二者交互对冬小麦-夏玉米耗水特性和水分利用效率的影响,为优化黄淮海地区的土壤耕作方式提供依据。【方法】采用土壤耕作方式与秸秆还田相结合的方法,设置常规耕作＋秸秆还田、常规耕作＋无秸秆还田、深耕＋秸秆还田、深耕＋无秸秆还田、深松＋秸秆还田、深松＋无秸秆还田6个处理,研究耕作方式与秸秆还田对冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟农田耗水量、耗水模系数、土壤贮水消耗量、株间蒸发量、籽粒产量和水分利用效率的影响,分析不同耕作方式、秸秆还田以及二者交互对冬小麦-夏玉米耗水特性和水分利用效率的影响。【结果】耕作方式、秸秆还田对土壤容重、农田耗水量、土壤贮水消耗量、株间蒸发量、籽粒产量和水分利用效率均存在显著或极显著影响。与常规耕作相比,深耕和深松主要降低了20-40 cm土层的土壤容重,增加了冬小麦、夏玉米和周年总农田耗水量,提高了0-100 cm土层的土壤贮水消耗量,同时降低了休闲期无效农田耗水量。此外,深耕和深松还降低了夏玉米的株间蒸发量,但深耕显著增加了冬小麦的株间蒸发量,深松则相反。秸秆还田也可以降低土壤容重,提高土壤贮水消耗量,增加冬小麦农田耗水量,降低夏玉米和休闲期农田耗水量,增加冬小麦的株间蒸发量,降低夏玉米的株间蒸发量。与常规耕作相比,深耕和深松处理的周年作物产量分别提高了10.7%和9.8%,周年水分利用效率分别提高了8.8%和6.3%。秸秆还田处理的周年作物产量和水分利用效率分别比秸秆不还田处理提高了6.3%和7.6%。耕作方式与秸秆还田对冬小麦-夏玉米的耗水特性、籽粒产量和水分利用效率存在显著交互作用。与常规耕作＋无秸秆还田处理相比,深耕＋秸秆还田和深松＋秸秆还田处理的周年农田耗水量分别提高3.3%和2.4%,冬小麦-夏玉米的农田耗水量分别提高了4.2%和3.3%,休闲期的农田耗水量分别降低了7.0%和9.9%,周年作物产量分别提高了18.0%和19.3%,水分利用效率分别提高了15.9%和15.1%。【结论】在几种耕作模式中,深耕＋秸秆还田、深松＋秸秆还田的周年作物产量和水分利用效率最高,且二者无显著性差异,表明深耕或深松结合秸秆还田有利于作物产量和水分利用效率的提高。因此,在本试验条件下,在秸秆还田的基础上深松或深耕是黄淮海地区适宜的耕作方式。     

Effects of deep vertical rotary tillage on the grain yield and resource use efficiency of winter wheat in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China

Tillage represents an important practice that is used to dynamically regulate soil properties,and affects the grain production process and resource use efficiency of crops.The objectives of this 3-year field study carried out in the Huang-Huai-Hai(HHH) Plain of China were to compare the effects of a new deep vertical rotary tillage (DVRT) with the conventional shallow rotary tillage (CT) on soil properties,winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency at different productivity levels,and to identify a comprehensive management that optimizes both grain yield and resource use efficiency in the HHH Plain.A split-plot design was adopted in field experiments in the winter wheat growing seasons of 2016–2017 (S1),2017–2018 (S2) and 2018–2019 (S3),with DVRT (conducted once in June 2016) and CT performed in the main plots.Subplots were treated with one of four targeted productivity level treatments (SH,the super high productivity level;HH,the high productivity and high efficiency productivity level;FP,the farmer productivity level;ISP,the inherent soil productivity level).The results showed that the soil bulk density was reduced and the soil water content at the anthesis stage was increased in all three years,which were due to the significant effects of DVRT.Compared with CT,grain yields,partial factor productivity of nitrogen (PFP_N),and water use efficiency (WUE) under DVRT were increased by 22.0,14.5 and 19.0%.Path analysis and direct correlation decomposition uncovered that grain yield variation of winter wheat was mostly contributed by the spike numbers per area under different tillage modes.General line model analysis revealed that tillage mode played a significant role on grain yield,PFP_N and WUE not only as a single factor,but also along with other factors(year and productivity level) in interaction manners.In addition,PFP_N and WUE were the highest in HH under DVRT in all three growth seasons.These results provided a theoretical basis and technical support for coordinating the high yield with high resource use efficiency of winter wheat in the resource-restricted region in the HHH Plain of China.