美国DDGS及中国北方玉米中的霉菌春素检测

霉菌毒素在作物中是不可避免的污染物（CAST,2003）,因此它们也发生于货物进入市场链中,包括在酒精生产中使用的这些谷物。目前,玉米是美国酒精生产中使用的主要原料。玉米中可能存在多种霉菌毒素,包括黄曲霉毒素、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）、     

论霉变饲料对猪的危害

霉菌污染所造成的损失已是不容忽视的问题。霉菌毒素的危害越来越受到人们的重视,特别是在玉米收获季节,阴雨连绵导致玉米在收获前后感染霉菌,产生霉菌毒素。猪采食了带有霉菌毒素的玉米后,出现生长发育停滞、繁殖障碍(死精、不育、死胎等)、消瘦、抗病力下降等症状,给养猪生产造成较大的经济损失。     

青贮饲料中霉菌毒素的产生、毒性作用及脱毒研究进展

青贮饲料是反刍动物日粮中重要的组成部分,但青贮饲料在收获前、发酵期间及青贮完成后都会受到多种霉菌毒素污染。反刍动物摄入霉菌毒素后会对其健康和生产性能产生不利影响,并对食品安全及人类健康构成威胁。青贮饲料中优势霉菌包括镰刀菌属(Fusarium)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、青霉属(Penicillium)和链格孢属(Alternaria)真菌,所产生的主要霉菌毒素包括单端孢霉烯族毒素、伏马菌素、玉米赤霉烯酮、黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素、蓝酪霉菌毒素、霉酚酸和麦角生物碱等。本文将对上述毒素在青贮饲料中的产生、影响、预防和脱毒的方法进行简要综述,以期为生产优质青贮饲料提供理论支持。     

霉菌毒素中毒综合征的诊断和治疗

<正>霉菌毒素是谷物或饲料中某些霉菌生长产生的有毒次级代谢产物,包括黄曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、烟曲霉毒素、麦角毒素、新月霉菌毒素、T2毒素、呕吐毒素、赭曲霉毒素等8种,均普遍存在于霉变的玉米和小麦等饲料原料中,在谷物的收获、加工、仓储及运输过程中皆可产生。猪采食带有霉菌毒素的饲料后出现中毒,轻者会引起急性死亡、种猪繁殖障碍,免疫功能降低、饲料利用率降低、抗病力下降和生产性能下降等,重则引起猪死亡,给养猪生产带来严重影响。     

雏鸡玉米赤霉烯酮中毒危害大

<正>霉菌是一种真菌,近几年霉菌的污染在我国越来越严重。在临床上由一种霉菌或一种毒素所造成的危害比较少见。霉菌毒素是谷物或饲料中霉菌生长产生的次级代谢产物。当这些谷物在收获,采购、运输、储存或者饲料生产、运输、储存过程中遇到高温高湿等,就极易产生霉菌毒素。现把雏鸡玉米赤霉烯酮中毒症的诊治方法介绍如下:1玉米赤霉烯酮的来源及危害1.1来源与种类玉米赤霉烯酮主要由禾谷镰刀     

霉菌毒素对家禽的危害和控制措施

正霉菌种类繁多,分布广泛。霉菌毒素是霉菌在生长的作物、收获时,谷物贮存、饲料加工过程中、饲料贮存和使用过程中,垫料和环境中生长,产生的次级代谢产物。有些霉菌毒素对动物的影响是很难察觉的,有些却是破坏性的,不同程度地损伤家禽的组织和器官,造成生长性能和生产性能下降。威胁家禽的重要的霉菌毒素主要由曲霉属(主要分泌黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素等)、镰孢毒素属(主要分泌呕吐毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、T-2毒     

猪霉菌毒素中毒的防治

目前玉米等饲料原料价格一直高位运行。养猪场户为了降低饲料成本使用一些陈化粮、或大量收购刚收获的高水分的新玉米储存,这就造成猪饲料中霉菌毒素超标,以此饲料喂猪,可引发猪只发生霉菌毒素中毒。(一)猪霉菌毒素中毒的临床特征     

浅谈霉菌毒素对养猪业的危害和防控措施

正霉菌是形成分枝菌丝而又不具备发达子实体的真菌的统称,广泛分布于自然界中,在作物生产过程、饲料的生产、运输、储存和使用过程中都会产生,并呈逐渐增多的趋势。霉菌毒素是霉菌产生的一种有毒的次生代谢产物,已发现的霉菌毒素有300多种,常见的霉菌毒素有黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素、烟曲霉毒素、麦角毒素、呕吐毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮等。饲料中的霉菌毒素不是单一存在的,都是任何两种以上的霉菌毒素同时存在,起到相互加强毒素的作用,单一毒素可能没有超标,但多     

中国青贮玉米中霉菌毒素的污染情况分析与动物健康风险评估

为了探明中国青贮玉米霉菌毒素的污染状况,评价霉菌毒素对动物健康的风险隐患,分别在东北地区(黑龙江)、西北地区(内蒙古、山西)、黄淮海地区(河南、河北)、华中地区(江苏)、西南地区(贵州、四川)和西藏地区9省(自治区)28县主要生产基地采集全株玉米(90份)和青贮玉米样品(161份),共计251份,基于固相分散萃取-液相色谱串联质谱法,测定样品中黄曲霉毒素(AFs)、呕吐毒素(DON)、伏马毒素(FB)、玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)等12种霉菌毒素含量,并利用暴露评估进行动物健康风险评估。结果表明:①参照中国饲料卫生标准,测定样品ZEN超标率为1.19%。当青贮玉米作为泌乳期奶牛饲粮的主要粗饲料时,参照美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)和欧洲食品安全局(EC)饲料安全标准,FB(FDA)和AFs(EC)的超标率分别为23.90%和13.94%。②全株玉米在青贮前和青贮后,霉菌毒素含量变化差异不显著(P>0.05)。③在黄淮海、华中和西南地区,青贮玉米霉菌毒素检出种类和含量相对较高,而在西藏地区含量相对较低。④当动物食用被霉菌毒素污染的青贮玉米时,动物的健康风险排序为:羔羊>犊牛>奶牛;在羔羊中,霉菌毒素的风险排序为:AFs>ZEN>DON>FB。综上所述,中国青贮玉米中霉菌毒素的超标率较低,污染情况相对严重的地区是黄淮海、华中和西南地区。在这些地区,如果青贮玉米作为泌乳期奶牛饲粮中主要粗饲料时,AFs和FB的超标风险较高;如果青贮玉米作为羔羊和犊牛饲粮中主要粗饲料时,AFs污染可能引起动物健康风险。     

霉菌毒素对养鸡的危害及防控措施

1霉菌毒素的产生霉菌毒素是谷物或饲料中霉菌生长产生的有毒代谢产物,人类已经发现了数百种,这些毒素在动物体内有不同的毒性、代谢途径和靶器官。污染饲料谷物的主要霉菌毒素有黄曲霉毒素、镰刀菌毒素、呕吐毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、烟曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素、单端孢菌素、蛇性毒素(DAS)、HT2-毒素和T-2毒素。霉菌毒素是怎么产生的?霉菌毒素可在农作物大田收获时形成,高温和干旱环     

Comparison of in vitro and in situ methods in evaluation of forage digestibility in ruminants

The objective of this study was to compare the application of different in vitro and in situ methods in empirical and mechanistic predictions of in vivo OM digestibility (OMD) and their associations to near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy spectra for a variety of forages. Apparent in vivo OMD of silages made from alfalfa (n = 2), corn (n = 9), corn stover (n = 2), grass (n = 11), whole crops of wheat and barley (n = 8) and red clover (n = 7), and fresh alfalfa (n = 1), grass hays (n = 5), and wheat straws (n = 5) had previously been determined in sheep. Concentrations of indigestible NDF (iNDF) in all forage samples were determined by a 288-h ruminal in situ incubation. Gas production of isolated forage NDF was measured by in vitro incubations for 72 h. In vitro pepsin-cellulase OM solubility (OMS) of the forages was determined by a 2-step gravimetric digestion method. Samples were also subjected to a 2-step determination of in vitro OMD based on buffered rumen fluid and pepsin. Further, rumen fluid digestible OM was determined from a single 96-h incubation at 38°C. Digestibility of OM from the in situ and the in vitro incubations was calculated according to published empirical equations, which were either forage specific or general (1 equation for all forages) within method. Indigestible NDF was also used in a mechanistic model to predict OMD. Predictions of OMD were evaluated by residual analysis using the GLM procedure in SAS. In vitro OMS in a general prediction equation of OMD did not display a significant forage-type effect on the residuals (observed - predicted OMD; P = 0.10). Predictions of OMD within forage types were consistent between iNDF and the 2-step in vitro method based on rumen fluid. Root mean square error of OMD was least (0.032) when the prediction was based on a general forage equation of OMS. However, regenerating a simple regression for iNDF by omitting alfalfa and wheat straw reduced the root mean square error of OMD to 0.025. Indigestible NDF in a general forage equation predicted OMD without any bias (P ≥ 0.16), and root mean square error of prediction was smallest among all methods when alfalfa and wheat straw samples were excluded. Our study suggests that compared with the in vitro laboratory methods, iNDF used in forage-specific equations will improve overall predictions of forage in vivo OMD. The in vitro and in situ methods performed equally well in calibrations of iNDF or OMD by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.     

大庆市羊东毕吸虫病流行病学调查

对大庆市羊东毕吸虫病的流行病学进行了调查研究。结果表明，大庆有3种东毕吸虫，即程氏东毕吸虫（O.cheni)、土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫（O.turkestanica)和土耳斯坦东毕吸虫结节变种（O.turkestanican var.thuberculata)；中间宿主螺类有1种，即卵萝卜螺；东毕吸虫病在大庆分布很广，所调查的4区2县均有发生，羊东毕吸虫平均感染率分别为50．33％，平均死亡率为21．12％，大庆羊急性病例发病时间为8月上旬至10月下旬，慢性病例为11月上旬至翌年2月中旬。     

中国圈养野生动物疫苗使用调查

2005年对中国动物园协会单位中的18家动物园饲养野生动物疫苗免疫情况进行调查。受调查动物园在野生动物疫苗使用和动物种类方面具有一定的代表性。调查结果显示动物园动物现共使用18类36种疫苗,预防31种疫病。其中哺乳动物使用14类24种疫苗,预防24种疫病;禽类使用4类12种疫苗,预防7种疫病。使用范围最广的有禽流感、犬瘟热疫苗等、新城疫疫苗、猫瘟热疫苗等。共有24目58科动物接种疫苗,其中食肉动物类1目8科,食草动物类3目9科,杂食动物类2目3科,禽类18目38科。研究结果提示应加强动物园之间疫病信息交流、防疫资源的利用、疫病监测和研究,加大对动物园动物疫病的研究投入,逐步建立动物园动物统一的防疫规程。     

Estimate of economic impact of fowl cholera in turkeys in Georgia in 1986

Information gathered from cases of fowl cholera (FC) in commercial turkey flocks through case records, flock records, and telephone and mail surveys was used to estimate disease costs. The cost to the Georgia commercial turkey industry in 1986 from preventive measures, treatment of outbreaks, and production losses from the disease was estimated at $634,545. The cost of FC per kg of live production was estimated to be $0.015.     

ELISA试验在防制猪伪狂犬病中的应用

猪伪狂犬病是由伪狂病病毒(Pseudorabies virus PRV)引起的急性传染病。其特征是成年猪常为隐性感染，可有流产、死胎、呼吸系统症状，新生仔猪除神经症状外还可侵害消化系统，并伴大批死亡。本病已经给全世界的养猪业造成严重的损失，我国许多地区已报道该病。为进一步探讨该病的控制、净化措施，我们对12个养猪场共856分血清采用美国嗍公司的ELISA试剂盒进行了抗体检测。     

Use of cyclocryotherapy in management of glaucoma in dogs

In 5 cases of glaucoma (2 from trauma, 2 from narrowed drainage angles, 1 secondary to lens extraction), cyclocryotherapy was used to control intraocular pressure. In all cases the intraocular pressure decreased, with the usual result being a cosmetic and painless but blind eye.     

Occurrence of MRSA in pigs and in humans involved in pig production--preliminary results of a study in the northwest of Germany

In 2007, 678 pigs of all age groups out of 347 different farms from Lower Saxony and Northrhine-Westphalia and 86 persons occupationally exposed to pigs were investigated for their nasal colonisation with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus areus (MRSA) by the Field Station for Epidemiology of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover and the Robert Koch-Institute. At the individual animal level, a frequency of positive results of 13% (n = 85 positive animals) and at the herd level, a frequency of positive results of 18% (n = 62 positive herds) were found. All isolates were assigned to the Multilocus Sequence Typing Type ST398. Within MRSA-positive herds, there were more MRSA-negative than MRSA-positive animals. Among the occupationally exposed persons (veterinarians, laboratory personnel and meat inspection personnel), 20 persons (23%) showed a nasal colonisation with MRSA ST398. A quite strong association between the intensity of the contact to pigs with the frequency of nasal colonisation in the occupationally exposed persons was detected. None of the animals or the humans nasally colonised by MRSA ST398 showed any clinical symptoms of a staphylococcal infection. Conclusions are drawn on the herd and intra-herd prevalence of the nasal colonisation of pigs with MRSA ST398 in pigs, but especially on which questions need to be addressed by further research.     

2017年西藏拉萨市家禽禽流感抗体水平检测

为了解西藏拉萨市家禽禽流感抗体水平,2017年8月随机选择免疫过H5禽流感疫苗的8个规模养殖场、2个散养户、3个活禽交易市场,共13个群体,采集1 041份家禽血清样品进行H5、H7、H9亚型禽流感HI抗体检测。结果显示：H5亚型禽流感免疫抗体合格率为45.73%,H7、H9亚型抗体阳性率分别为21.13%、52.64%;养殖场、散养户和活禽交易市场的不同亚型抗体水平存在较大差异,规模化养殖场的H7亚型抗体阳性率最高（29.92%）,活禽市场的H5、H9亚型阳性率最高（78.16%、79.31%）,散养户的所有亚型抗体阳性率均最低。结果表明,拉萨市H5亚型禽流感疫苗免疫效果较差,特别是散养户,疫病发生风险较高,H7、H9亚型疑似自然感染率较高,应进一步查明原因,及时采取相应的措施,防止疫情发生。