新疆赛买提杏干发酵杏酒工艺优化

以新疆赛买提杏干为原料,酒精度和感官评分为评价指标,在酵母接种量、初始pH值、初始糖度和发酵温度4个单因素试验结果的基础上,采用Box-Benhnken中心组合设计试验,优化杏酒发酵工艺条件。结果表明：在杏水比1∶3(m/m),果胶酶添加量0.04%和纤维素酶添加量0.3%,25℃酶解24 h下,杏汁可溶性固形物含量可达15.2%,果肉与汁比例适宜发酵杏酒。通过建立响应面回归模型并对试验结果进行统计分析,得出杏酒发酵最佳工艺为：发酵初始p H值为3.5,发酵温度22.4℃,初始糖度22.35%,酵母接种量0.25 g/kg。在此条件下制得的杏酒酒精度为12.4%vol,感官评分94分。该研究结果为杏酒发酵生产提供了参考。     

紫薯糯米酒酿制工艺优化及其品质分析

以糯米和紫薯为原料,经糖化、发酵工艺进行紫薯糯米酒的酿制,对发酵工艺条件进行优化,并对其品质进行分析。分别从酒曲种类及其添加量、酵母种类及其添加量、米薯比例、发酵温度和发酵时间等方面进行单因素试验,并进行响应面优化分析,得到紫薯糯米酒酿制的最佳工艺条件为将糖化后的紫薯和糯米(1.30%的苏州蜂蜜牌甜酒曲)以2∶1比例混合,添加0.04%安琪果酒专用酵母,于25℃下发酵7 d,所得成品酒酒精度为11.44%Vol,花色苷含量30.26μg/m L,还原糖含量3.7 g/L,总酸含量6.0 g/L,色谱分析结果表明其中主要存在16种香气成分,所得紫薯糯米酒酒体柔和、颜色鲜亮,具有紫薯特有香味。     

发酵型柑橘红茶酒发酵工艺研究及挥发性成分分析

为改善发酵型茶酒的品质,以政和功夫红茶与砂糖橘为原料,通过单因素试验及正交试验优化柑橘红茶酒生产工艺条件。结果表明:在柑橘汁与红茶汁质量比1∶15、初始糖度24%、初始pH值4.5、酵母接种量7%、发酵温度24℃、发酵时间7 d的条件下制得的柑橘红茶酒酒体丰满,酒香、果香、茶香协调,感官评分达到90.12分,酒精度为10.9%vol,茶多酚含量为1 195 mg/kg。采用固相微萃取气质联用(SPME-GC-MS)技术共检测出30种挥发性香味成分,其中含量较高的成分有苯乙醇、异戊醇、辛酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯、异丁醇、乙酸乙酯、十二酸乙酯等。该研究为柑橘与红茶的深加工提供了基础理论依据,丰富了柑橘深加工产品的种类。     

多花黄精植株再生及繁殖研究

以成熟度为70%的优质多花黄精荚果为外植体,建立其再生体系。结果表明:芽萌发诱导培养基MS+BA 0.5 mg·L~(-1)+琼脂7.0 g·L~(-1)+蔗糖20 g·L~(-1)+活性炭0.5 g·L~(-1),萌发率为61.33%;芽增殖诱导培养基MS+BA 1.0 mg·L~(-1)+KT 1.0 mg·L~(-1)+NAA 0.3 mg·L~(-1)+蔗糖20 g·L~(-1)+琼脂7.0 g·L~(-1)+活性炭0.5 g·L~(-1),诱导芽数为3.42个,芽增殖率为76.74%;生根培养基1/2 MS+IBA 0.5 mg·L~(-1)+IAA 1.0 mg·L~(-1)+蔗糖20 g·L~(-1)+琼脂7.0 g·L~(-1)+活性炭0.5 g·L~(-1),生根率为81.71%,平均生根数为6.11个;瓶苗移栽适宜基质为V_((泥炭土))∶V_((腐殖质))∶V_((珍珠岩))=6∶3∶1的混合基质,移栽成活率达85%以上。     

香蕉菠萝复合果酒酿造工艺研究

以香蕉菠萝复合果酒为研究对象,通过单因素试验和正交试验对影响香蕉菠萝果酒品质的酵母品种、原料配比、初始糖度、酵母接种量进行了筛选和优化,以期得到果酒的最佳工艺条件。结果表明,香蕉菠萝复合果酒最佳酵母品种为葡萄酒酵母,发酵条件为初始糖度20%,原料配比2∶1,酵母接种量0.95%时,此条件下果酒感官评分值最高,酒精度、总酸、残糖及微生物指标均符合国家标准。     

毛酸浆果酒的发酵工艺研究

以新鲜毛酸浆为原料,采用液态发酵法,研究酵母接种量、初始糖度、初始pH值和发酵温度对毛酸浆酒理化指标和感官评价的影响,采用正交试验方法优化并得到最佳发酵工艺条件,最终获得具有毛酸浆独特风味的毛酸浆果酒。结果表明,毛酸浆酒最佳发酵工艺条件为:发酵温度28℃,酵母接种量0.1%,初始pH值3.5,初始糖度18 Brix。     

蜂蜜菊芋酒澄清工艺的研究

以明胶、壳聚糖、壳聚糖-皂土作为澄清剂对蜂蜜菊芋酒进行澄清处理,筛选澄清剂并确定最佳澄清工艺。结果表明,蜂蜜菊芋酒的最佳澄清剂为壳聚糖-皂土复合澄清剂;通过正交试验得到蜂蜜菊芋酒的最佳澄清工艺为:壳聚糖添加量0.06%,皂土添加量0.10%,澄清温度35℃。通过澄清处理过的蜂蜜菊芋酒于室温存放6个月后,透光率高达91.6%,无沉淀,澄清效果好。     

蟠桃果醋生产工艺的研究

以蟠桃原浆为原料,采用液态发酵工艺进行酒精发酵和醋酸发酵。分析了发酵时间、发酵温度、初始糖度对酒精发酵的影响,以及发酵时间、发酵温度、初始酒精度对醋酸发酵的影响。试验结果表明,酒精发酵的最佳工艺条件为:发酵时间6 d,发酵温度29℃,初始糖度12%,此条件下酒精体积分数为6.5%。醋酸发酵的最佳工艺条件为:发酵时间6 d,发酵温度30℃,初始酒精体积分数为6.5%,此条件下总酸质量浓度为4.6 g/100 mL。     

雪花梨废弃物转化乙醇的工艺研究

为掌握雪花梨废弃物发酵工艺条件,在单因素试验的基础上,运用正交试验设计方法对雪花梨废弃物带渣发酵工艺进行了研究和优化。结果表明,雪花梨废弃物最佳发酵工艺条件为(NH_4)_2SO_4添加量1.5 g/L,发酵温度28℃,初始pH值5.5,接种量为8%,酒精度达6.3%(V/V)。     

糖浸种对盐胁迫玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

以耐盐玉米品种伟科702和盐敏感玉米品种蠡玉16为试验材料,在150 mmol·L~(-1) NaCl胁迫下,采用不同浓度(5、10、15 g·L~(-1))外源糖(葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、壳聚糖、海藻糖)浸种处理,分析外源糖对玉米种子发芽指标、幼苗生长、叶绿素含量、SOD活性、POD活性和MDA含量的影响。结果表明,外源糖处理后两个品种的发芽势、发芽率、最终发芽率、发芽指数、生物量、叶绿素含量、SOD活性和POD活性均显著增大,且随着糖浓度的增加呈先升高后下降的趋势,浓度为10 g·L~(-1)时最高;平均发芽时间和MDA含量减小,且随着糖浓度的增加呈先下降后上升的趋势,浓度为10 g·L~(-1)时最低。不同糖处理间比较,果糖处理的各项指标显著优于其他糖处理。因此,外源糖浸种能有效改善盐胁迫下玉米幼苗生长状况,10 g·L~(-1)果糖的改善效果最好。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...