谷氨酰胺对斜带石斑鱼GF-1细胞中C-Myc蛋白的表达与神经坏死病毒复制的影响

为探讨C-Myc表达、谷氨酰胺代谢和神经坏死病毒复制三者之间的关系,本研究首先克隆了斜带石斑鱼鳍条细胞(GF-1)中的C-Myc基因(GF-1-C-Myc),结果显示GF-1-CMyc基因cDNA全长814 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)为285 bp,编码95个氨基酸(aa),有亮氨酸拉链结构域与螺旋-环-螺旋(HLH)结构域。实验表达和纯化了GF-1-C-Myc蛋白,并制备其多克隆抗体。采用实时定量PCR技术(qRT-PCR)与免疫印迹法(WB)检测了GF-1-C-Myc基因的表达和神经坏死病毒的复制。结果显示,缺乏谷氨酰胺会同时抑制GF-1-C-Myc基因的表达和神经坏死病毒(NNV)的复制,添加谷氨酰胺可同时促进GF-1-C-Myc的表达和NNV的复制;此外,NNV感染可上调GF-1-C-Myc基因的表达,并显著消耗GF-1细胞培养液中的谷氨酰胺。研究表明,GF-1-C-Myc基因可调控宿主谷氨酰胺代谢,从而有利于神经坏死病毒的复制。本结果为防控NNV的感染提供了参考。     

鞍带石斑鱼isg15基因cDNA克隆及其在虹彩病毒感染下的表达分析

本研究利用PCR和RACE技术首次获得了鞍带石斑鱼(Epinephelus lanceolatus)干扰素刺激基因15 (interferon stimulated gene 15, isg15)全长序列。isg15基因序列长为910 bp,包含一个468 bp的开放阅读框,可编码155个氨基酸,预测分子量为17.09 kDa,理论等电点为9.33。保守结构域分析显示,鞍带石斑鱼ISG15蛋白包含2个类似泛素结构域,且C末端具有高度保守的“Leu Arg Leu Arg Gly Gly (LRLRGG)”结构域。序列分析和系统发育分析显示,鞍带石斑鱼与斜带石斑鱼(E. coioides) isg15的相似性最高,为88.24%,与大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)和大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea) isg15的相似性分别为61.18%和60.59%。采用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测了鞍带石斑鱼健康组织中的isg15表达,以及虹彩病毒(iridovirus)感染后不同时间脾脏和肾脏中的isg15表达变化。结果显示,isg15在血液中的表达量最高,在肝脏、肾脏等组织中的表达量较高。经虹彩病毒感染后,isg15在脾脏和肾脏中的表达显著升高,在72 h到达最高水平,说明isg15在鞍带石斑鱼防御虹彩病毒的过程中发挥着重要作用。对鞍带石斑鱼isg15基因的分析和表达模式的研究,有助于进一步了解isg15基因在硬骨鱼体内的抗病毒调控机制,为鞍带石斑鱼抗病分子育种提供基础数据。     

斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)病毒性神经坏死病毒的纯化分析及检测方法建立

根据GenBank中已有的鱼类病毒性神经坏死病毒(NNV)RNA2基因序列,设计引物,从福建厦门具有典型NNV发病症状的斜带石斑鱼中克隆了RNA2基因的全长序列,并将序列提交到GenBank获得登录号为MF510920,命名为XMNNV。系统进化树分析结果表明XMNNV与RGNNV聚类在一起,与SJNNV、BFNNV和TPNNV等其他鱼类神经坏死病毒亲缘关系较远,说明本研究分离得到的XMNNV属于RGNNV基因型。通过超速离心方法对病毒进行提纯,得到了纯化的NNV病毒。电镜观察结果表明,病毒粒子直径20～25 nm,结构为正二十面体,与已经报道的NNV结构一致。通过对XMNNV与其它RGNNV RNA2基因进行序列比对,在保守区设计引物,运用RT-PCR方法建立了RGNNV的PCR检测方法,该方法灵敏度高达67 copies/μL。纯化的病毒对E11(条纹月鳢细胞系)和大黄鱼肌肉细胞进行感染,结果表明该病毒可以感染这两种鱼类细胞。E11细胞被感染病毒后,细胞出现空泡化,并最终导致细胞分解死亡;大黄鱼肌肉细胞感染后,细胞变圆,慢慢从培养皿壁脱落,最终解体死亡。另外,对感染后细胞进行PCR检测,结果显示为阳性,进一步确定了分离的NNV具有感染这两种细胞的能力。本研究通过电镜观察和PCR检测两种方法确定了患病石斑鱼携带NNV,通过对两种鱼类细胞的感染实验,确定了该病毒具有一定的感染能力。综上,本研究为石斑鱼NNV疾病的诊断提供了有效的方法,对石斑鱼NNV疾病的预防具有一定的指导意义。     

闽南地区斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)神经坏死病毒的基因型与分子进化研究

本研究以闽南地区具有典型神经坏死病症状的斜带石斑鱼为材料,采用RT-PCR法对其进行病毒检测,对检测到的阳性序列进行双向测序和构建系统发育树,对病毒颗粒进行分离纯化,并通过分子进化模型分析病毒衣壳蛋白基因所受的选择压力。结果显示,采集到的6个石斑鱼样品均呈NNV阳性,系统树分析发现6个样品的PCR扩增片段均为RGNNV基因型序列,表明闽南地区感染石斑鱼的神经坏死病毒主要为RGNNV基因型病毒;通过PEG法对病毒进行分离提纯,获得直径为25~28 nm、呈二十面立体对称结构的无囊膜病毒颗粒;分子进化分析显示NNV外壳蛋白基因经历了纯化选择,表明病毒在进化过程中没有出现遗传变异并以相对恒定保守的速率进化。     

斜带石斑鱼IgM、IgZ和IgD重链基因的克隆

应用RACE方法获得斜带石斑鱼膜结合型免疫球蛋白M(membrane-bound immu-noglobulin M,mIgM),膜结合型免疫球蛋白D(mIgD),分泌型免疫球蛋白Z(secretory immu-noglobulin Z,sIgZ)的重链基因。斜带石斑鱼膜结合型IgM重链恒定区包含3个恒定区结构域(μ1,μ2,μ3)以及两个跨膜外显子(TM1,TM2),TM1外显子与μ3结构域末端相连接。氨基酸序列相似性分析结果显示,斜带石斑鱼mIgM各恒定区与牙鲆mIgM恒定区相似性最高,为53%~78%。mIgD的cDNA全长为3 375 bp,开放阅读框包含3 006 bp,其恒定区由1个μ1外显子,7个δ外显子以及跨膜区组成。斜带石斑鱼IgD恒定区与鳜IgD各恒定区氨基酸序列相似性最高,δ1~δ7的相似性分别为75.5%、75.8%、65.4%、76.6%、88.1%、90.6%、82.8%,TM结构域为82.7%。sIgZ的基因结构与其他硬骨鱼类sIgZ的结构相似,包括4个外显子和3个内含子,内含子长度分别为222、129和458 bp。利用半定量PCR分别检测了这3种基因在斜带石斑鱼各器官/组织中的表达,发现mIgM在头肾、肾脏、脑、脾脏、肠、鳃、心脏和胸腺中均有表达;mIgD的mRNA在头肾、肾脏以及胸腺中有较高的表达,在肠中表达量较低;sIgZ mRNA主要分布于淋巴组织如头肾、肾及脾脏中,而在鳃、心脏和胸腺中的丰度较低。     

几种饲料对斜带石斑鱼消化酶活性的影响

本文分析了不同饲料对斜带石斑鱼消化酶活性的影响。将1 500尾斜带石斑鱼随机分成3组,每组2个重复,分别用3种不同饲料投喂50 d,从每个平行组中随机抽取5尾鱼测体内消化酶活性。结果表明,不同饲料种类、成分均对斜带石斑鱼体内消化酶活性有明显影响,在本试验中,投喂2号饲料的斜带石斑鱼淀粉酶活性最高,3号饲料整体蛋白酶活性最高,脂肪主要在肠道消化,3种饲料脂肪酶活性在肠道中差异不显著。     

斜带石斑鱼生长激素cDNA克隆及其在大肠杆菌中的融合表达

通过构建斜带石斑鱼垂体cDNA文库,克隆了其生长激素(GH)全长cDNA。斜带石斑鱼GH全长cDNA为955bp,编码的多肽为204aa。应用PCR方法把编码GH成熟肽的cDNA片段克隆到表达载体pET-15b,在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)表达N端含6个组氨酸的融合多肽。SDS-PAGE结果表明,0.4mmol·L-1IPTG诱导表达的蛋白约为24kDa,主要为不溶性的包含体。细菌裂解液沉淀溶于6mol·L-1盐酸胍后,用Ni2+-NTA树脂进行亲和分离纯化,纯化产物在SDS-PAGE上表现为一条24kDa的蛋白带。在黑鲷GH放射免疫分析系统中,纯化产物能与黑鲷GH竞争结合GH抗体,表明大肠杆菌表达的斜带石斑鱼GH融合多肽具有GH免疫活性。     

石斑鱼虹彩病毒ORF050的分子特征和功能初步分析

新加坡石斑鱼虹彩病毒(Singapore grouper iridovirus,SGIV)是导致石斑鱼养殖产业严重经济损失的主要病毒病原之一。SGIV 是大分子DNA病毒,包含162个基因开放阅读框,其中ORF050是一个肿瘤坏死因子受体类似物,可能在SGIV的免疫逃避中发挥作用。本研究克隆了SGIV ORF050基因,并构建了全长基因的真核表达重组质粒和四个半胱氨酸富集结构域(CRD)分别缺失的突变体。RT-PCR和药物抑制实验结果表明,SGIV ORF050是病毒的一个立即早期基因。亚细胞定位结果表明,该基因在细胞质内均匀地弥散性分布,并在细胞核周围聚集;第一个CRD缺失后,基因的定位发生明显的变化,即呈点状分布在胞质中,推测第一个CRD对其功能有影响。在过表达SGIV ORF050的鱼类细胞中观察SGIV感染引起的CPE,发现与对照相比没有明显区别;荧光定量PCR检测SGIV 主要衣壳蛋白MCP的转录表达水平,也没有明显变化,提示该基因对SGIV在宿主细胞内的复制增殖可能没有影响。荧光定量PCR检测过表达ORF050的细胞在SGIV感染后宿主TNF/TNFR的转录水平,结果显示在感染10 h后TNF1、TNF2和TNFR2的表达量升高了2～3倍,而TNFR1的表达量没有明显变化,说明SGIV可能通过ORF050来调节细胞TNF和TNFR的表达,从而逃避宿主的免疫攻击。     

04斜带石斑鱼干扰素调节因子 1 基因的克隆及其原核表达

对斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)的干扰素调节因子1(Interferon regulatory factor 1,IRF-1)基因进行了克隆、测序及原核表达.以PBS做对照,利用polvI:C刺激斜带石斑鱼,然后取其肝脏、头肾、脾脏提取总RNA,随机引物反转录获得cDNA.根据相近物种IRF-1的保守序列设计引物,通过PCR得到了保守片段,通过RACE-PCR获得了斜带石斑鱼IRF-1基因的全长cDNA.基因全长为1 730 hp,完整开放阅读框(ORF)906 bp,编码302个氨基酸,5'非编码区153 bp,3'非编码区671 bp.将斜带石斑鱼ORF与其他物种进行比对发现,与海鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)同源性最高,为85%.将根据斜带石斑鱼IRF-1 ORF推测的氨基酸序列与其他物种进行比对,发现斜带石斑鱼与海鳜同源性为90%,与金头鲷(Sparus aurat)为88%,与乌鳢(Channa argus)为86%,与大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)为82%.利用ORF序列,构建原核重组表达质粒.重组质粒经PCR、酶切鉴定及测序验证后转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),经IPTG诱导,重组蛋白成功表达,表达蛋白的分子量约55 kD.诱导温度为30℃时,重组蛋白以可溶性蛋白和包涵体2种形式存在.     

斜带石斑鱼牛磺酸转运蛋白基因的克隆及饲料牛磺酸含量对其表达的影响

牛磺酸转运蛋白(Taurine transporter,TauT)是牛磺酸跨膜转运的重要载体,在鱼类的生长、代谢及性成熟过程中发挥重要作用。本文采用RT-PCR和RACE技术,克隆体质量(12.85±0.46)g的斜带石斑鱼Epinephelus coioides TauT cDNA蛋白质编码区序列。结果表明:斜带石斑鱼TauT cDNA蛋白质编码区为1 881bp,编码626个氨基酸,分子量为70 126.80Da,与已克隆的其他鱼类的同源性很高,而与鸟类和哺乳动物的同源性较低。在水温(27±2)℃下,给斜带石斑鱼投喂含牛磺酸0%、0.5%、1%和1.5%的饲料28d后,用Realtime PCR法检测不同组织中TauT mRNA的相对表达量,结果表明:TauT mRNA在所测的各组织中均有表达,但肝脏、心脏、脑表达水平最高,肾脏、鳃、脾脏次之,肠道、肌肉、脂肪组织最低。牛磺酸添加组中组织TauT mRNA的表达量均高于对照组,1.0%和1.5%两组间差异不明显,但均高于0.5%组。饲料中添加牛磺酸能促进斜带石斑鱼组织中TauT mRNA的表达。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).