Genetic suppression of mutations in the Drosophila abl proto-oncogene homolog

The Drosophila abelson (abl) gene encodes the homolog of the mammalian c-abl cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase and is an essential gene for the development of viable adult flies. Three second-site mutations that suppress the lethality caused by the absence of abl function have been isolated, and all three map to the gene enabled (ena). The mutations are recessive embryonic lethal mutations but act as dominant mutations to compensate for the neural defects of abl mutants. Thus, mutations in a specific gene can compensate for the absence of a tyrosine kinase.     

Tyrosine kinase activity and transformation potency of bcr-abl oncogene products

Oncogenic activation of the proto-oncogene c-abl in human leukemias occurs as a result of the addition of exons from the gene bcr and truncation of the first abl exon. Analysis of tyrosine kinase activity and quantitative measurement of transformation potency in a single-step assay indicate that variation in bcr exon contribution results in a functional difference between p210bcr-abl and p185bcr-abl proteins. Thus, foreign upstream sequences are important in the deregulation of the kinase activity of the abl product, and the extent of deregulation correlates with the pathological effects of the bcr-abl proteins.     

A novel putative tyrosine kinase receptor encoded by the eph gene

Growth factors and their receptors are involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and also play a key role in oncogenesis. In this study, a novel putative kinase receptor gene, termed eph, has been identified and characterized by molecular cloning. Its primary structure is similar to that of tyrosine kinase receptors thus far cloned and includes a cysteine-rich region in the extracellular domain. However, other features of the sequence distinguish the eph gene product from known receptors with tyrosine kinase activity. Thus the eph protein may define a new class of these molecules. The eph gene is overexpressed in several human carcinomas, suggesting that this gene may be involved in the neoplastic process of some tumors.     

Tyrosine kinase receptor with extensive homology to EGF receptor shares chromosomal location with neu oncogene

A novel potential cell surface receptor of the tyrosine kinase gene family has been identified and characterized by molecular cloning. Its primary sequence is very similar to that of the human epidermal growth factor receptor and the v-erbB oncogene product; the chromosomal location of the gene for this protein is coincident with the neu oncogene, which suggests that the two genes may be identical.     

Specific expression of a tyrosine kinase gene, blk, in B lymphoid cells

Several pathways of transmembrane signaling in lymphocytes involve protein-tyrosine phosphorylation. With the exception of p56lck, a tyrosine kinase specific to T lymphoid cells that associates with the T cell transmembrane proteins CD4 and CD8, the kinases that function in these pathways are unknown. A murine lymphocyte complementary DNA that represents a new member of the src family has now been isolated and characterized. This complementary DNA, termed blk (for B lymphoid kinase), specifies a polypeptide of 55 kilodaltons that is related to, but distinct from, previously identified retroviral or cellular tyrosine kinases. The protein encoded by blk exhibits tyrosine kinase activity when expressed in bacterial cells. In the mouse and among cell lines, blk is specifically expressed in the B cell lineage. The tyrosine kinase encoded by blk may function in a signal transduction pathway that is restricted to B lymphoid cells.     

Fibroblast growth factor receptors from liver vary in three structural domains.

Changes in heparin-binding fibroblast growth factor gene expression and receptor phenotype occur during liver regeneration and in hepatoma cells. The nucleotide sequence of complementary DNA predicts that three amino-terminal domain motifs, two juxtamembrane motifs, and two intracellular carboxyl-terminal domain motifs combine to form a minimum of 6 and potentially 12 homologous polypeptides that constitute the growth factor receptor family in a single human liver cell population. Amino-terminal variants consisted of two transmembrane molecules that contained three and two immunoglobulin-like disulfide loops, as well as a potential intracellular form of the receptor. The two intracellular juxtamembrane motifs differed in a potential serine-threonine kinase phosphorylation site. One carboxyl-terminal motif was a putative tyrosine kinase that contained potential tyrosine phosphorylation sites. The second carboxyl-terminal motif was probably not a tyrosine kinase and did not exhibit the same candidate carboxyl-terminal tyrosine phosphorylation sites.     

The product of the human c-erbB-2 gene: a 185-kilodalton glycoprotein with tyrosine kinase activity

Antibodies were raised against a synthetic peptide corresponding to 14 amino acid residues at the COOH-terminus of a protein deduced from the human c-erbB-2 nucleotide sequence. These antibodies immunoprecipitated a 185-kilodalton glycoprotein from MKN-7 adenocarcinoma cells. Incubation of the immunoprecipitates with (gamma-32P)ATP resulted in the phosphorylation of this protein on tyrosine residues. These results indicate that the human c-erbB-2 gene product is the 185-kilodalton glycoprotein that is associated with tyrosine kinase activity. Although the c-erbB-2 protein was predicted to encode a protein very similar to epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, EGF did not stimulate this kinase activity either in vivo or in vitro.     

Human diabetes associated with a deletion of the tyrosine kinase domain of the insulin receptor

The insulin receptor has an intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity that is essential for signal transduction. A mutant insulin receptor gene lacking almost the entire kinase domain has been identified in an individual with type A insulin resistance and acanthosis nigricans. Insulin binding to the erythrocytes or cultured fibroblasts from this individual was normal. However receptor autophosphorylation and tyrosine kinase activity toward an exogenous substrate were reduced in partially purified insulin receptors from the proband's lymphocytes that had been transformed by Epstein-Barr virus. The insulin resistance associated with this mutated gene was inherited by the proband from her mother as an apparently autosomal dominant trait. Thus a deletion in one allele of the insulin receptor gene may be at least partly responsible for some instances of insulin-resistant diabetes.     

黄瓜细胞质型谷氨酰胺合成酶基因(GS1)的克隆及其在低氮条件下的表达

【目的】分离和克隆黄瓜谷氨酰胺合成酶GS1基因,分析其序列特征,了解其在低氮条件下的表达情况。【方法】依据黄瓜基因组数据库中Csa015274基因编码区全序列,应用引物设计软件Primer Premier 5.0设计引物,从黄瓜叶片cDNA中克隆该基因,用生物信息学方法对获得的cDNA序列及推定氨基酸序列进行分析鉴定,并用实时荧光定量PCR法研究GS1基因在不同氮素浓度下的表达变化。【结果】分离到GS1基因,GenBank登录号为JQ277263。该基因长1 071 bp,编码356个氨基酸,与甜瓜(Cucumis melo L.)GS1基因同源性高达97%。该基因编码的蛋白是1个不稳定的疏水蛋白,无跨膜结构,无信号肽,存在蛋白激酶C磷酸化位点,酪蛋白激酶Ⅱ磷酸化位点,N-十四酰化位点,酪氨酸激酶磷酸化位点等活性位点。GS1基因表达模式分析显示,在低氮条件下,该基因下调表达,随着氮素浓度的增高GS1基因的表达量增加。在高浓度的氮素水平下,该基因的表达同样受到抑制。【结论】成功从黄瓜叶片中分离克隆到GS1基因,该基因具有已知物种GS1基因的特征,可用于该基因的功能研究。     

口蹄疫病毒3D基因的克隆及其编码蛋白的结构和功能预测

采用RT-PCR技术,对AsiaⅠ型口蹄疫病毒的3D基因进行克隆,并对其序列进行比对,同时利用Ex-pasy等生物软件对3D蛋白的二级、三级结构及生物学特性进行预测和分析.结果表明:3D蛋白在口蹄疫各血清型间高度保守,分子中含有一个糖基化位点及多个酪氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸位点,并存在一个单股正链RNA病毒依赖RNA多聚酶的催化区;结构特点显示3D蛋白为口蹄疫病毒复制所需的多聚酶.     

The neu gene: an erbB-homologous gene distinct from and unlinked to the gene encoding the EGF receptor

The neu oncogene, identified in ethylnitrosourea-induced rat neuroglioblastomas, had strong homology with the erbB gene that encodes the epidermal growth factor receptor. This homology was limited to the region of erbB encoding the tyrosine kinase domain. It was concluded that the neu gene is a distinct novel gene, as it is not coamplified with sequences encoding the EGF receptor in the genome of the A431 tumor line and it maps to human chromosome 17.     

文蛤CDK7基因克隆及其在不同品系生长发育中的表达分析

【目的】掌握文蛤（Meretrix meretrix）细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶7（CDK7）基因（MmCDK7）的时空表达及在不同品系生长发育中的表达规律,从分子水平探究红壳色文蛤新品系的生长优势,为筛选文蛤生长相关基因及揭示其生长发育机制提供理论依据。【方法】利用RACE克隆MmCDK7基因cDNA序列,通过BLAST、ScanProsite、NetPhos3.0 server及ExPASy等在线软件进行生物信息学分析,使用实时荧光定量PCR检测MmCDK7基因在文蛤不同组织和不同发育时期的表达情况,并比较同一养殖条件下红壳色文蛤（简称红文蛤）和黄壳色文蛤（简称黄文蛤）的壳长、壳长相对增长率及MmCDK7基因表达差异。【结果】MmCDK7基因cDNA序列全长1296bp,其中,5'端非编码区（5'-UTR）为83bp,3'端非编码区（3'-UTR）为196bp,开放阅读框（ORF）为1017bp,共编码338个氨基酸残基。MmCDK7蛋白分子量约38.32 D,理论等电点（pI）为8.78,包含丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶催化结构域（S_TKc）、酪氨酸激酶催化结构域（TyrKc）及与细胞周期蛋白结合有关的激酶结构域NRTALRE;而S_TKc结构域中有包含蛋白激酶ATP结合位点区域、丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶活化位点区域及T-loop环。MmCDK7氨基酸序列与虾夷扇贝CDK7氨基酸序列高度同源,其相似性为75.00%;基于CDK7氨基酸序列相似性构建的系统发育进化树显示,文蛤与中国真蛸、长牡蛎、厚壳贻贝及虾夷扇贝等软体动物先聚为一支。MmCDK7基因在性腺、水管、外套膜和肝胰腺等组织中均有表达,以性腺中的相对表达量显著高于其他组织（P<0.05,下同）;MmCDK7基因在2种文蛤的8个发育时期均有表达,均以多细胞时期的相对表达量最高。在同一养殖条件下,除9月18日外,其他采样时间点均表现为红文蛤的壳长显著大于黄文蛤,红文蛤相对于黄文蛤的壳长增长率在2.79%~32.37%;除11月15日和11月30日外,其他采样时间点均表现为红文蛤的MmCDK7基因相对表达量显著高于黄文蛤的相对表达量。【结论】MmCDK7基因属于CDK家族成员,在细胞分裂旺盛的性腺及多细胞时期的相对表达量最高,且在生长速度较快红文蛤中的相对表达量多数情况下显著高于黄文蛤,故推测MmCDK7基因参与调控文蛤的早期生长发育过程。     

The protein kinase complement of the human genome

We have catalogued the protein kinase complement of the human genome (the "kinome") using public and proprietary genomic, complementary DNA, and expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences. This provides a starting point for comprehensive analysis of protein phosphorylation in normal and disease states, as well as a detailed view of the current state of human genome analysis through a focus on one large gene family. We identify 518 putative protein kinase genes, of which 71 have not previously been reported or described as kinases, and we extend or correct the protein sequences of 56 more kinases. New genes include members of well-studied families as well as previously unidentified families, some of which are conserved in model organisms. Classification and comparison with model organism kinomes identified orthologous groups and highlighted expansions specific to human and other lineages. We also identified 106 protein kinase pseudogenes. Chromosomal mapping revealed several small clusters of kinase genes and revealed that 244 kinases map to disease loci or cancer amplicons.     

Lineage-specific requirement of c-abl function in normal hematopoiesis

Structural abnormalities of the c-abl proto-oncogene are found in hematopoietic cells of more than 90 percent of individuals with chronic myelogenous leukemia. Therefore c-abl may be important in normal as well as malignant hematopoiesis. Normal human hematopoietic progenitor cells were exposed to three different c-abl sense or antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, and the effects on myeloid and erythroid colony formation were examined. The c-abl antisense oligodeoxynucleotides inhibited myeloid, but not erythroid, colony formation. The c-abl sense oligodeoxynucleotides and bcr sense and antisense oligodeoxynucleotides were not inhibitory in this assay. These data show that c-abl is critical in normal myelopoiesis and may explain the relatively selective expansion of leukocytes in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia.     

Complementary DNA sequencing: expressed sequence tags and human genome project

Automated partial DNA sequencing was conducted on more than 600 randomly selected human brain complementary DNA (cDNA) clones to generate expressed sequence tags (ESTs). ESTs have applications in the discovery of new human genes, mapping of the human genome, and identification of coding regions in genomic sequences. Of the sequences generated, 337 represent new genes, including 48 with significant similarity to genes from other organisms, such as a yeast RNA polymerase II subunit; Drosophila kinesin, Notch, and Enhancer of split; and a murine tyrosine kinase receptor. Forty-six ESTs were mapped to chromosomes after amplification by the polymerase chain reaction. This fast approach to cDNA characterization will facilitate the tagging of most human genes in a few years at a fraction of the cost of complete genomic sequencing, provide new genetic markers, and serve as a resource in diverse biological research fields.     

剑白香猪葡萄糖转运蛋白4 cDNA的克隆及序列分析

为了在基因水平上给动物的营养代谢研究提供基础性资料,为系统研究剑白香猪这一优质猪种提供参考,以剑白香猪肌肉组织中的总RNA为模板,克隆了剑白香猪的GLUT-4cDNA序列,并对其序列进行了分析。结果表明:克隆片段总长为1 616bp,包含一个长1 530bp的开放阅读框(ORF),编码509个氨基酸残基的蛋白;该蛋白的相对分子质量为54.809 4kDa,等电点为6.98,包含30个功能位点,即3个N-糖基化位点、1个cAMP和cGMP依赖性蛋白激酶磷酸化位点、4个酪蛋白激酶Ⅱ磷酸化位点、2个酪氨酸激酶磷酸化位点、4个蛋白激酶C磷酸化位点、2个酰胺化位点、12个N-豆蔻酰化位点、1个糖转运蛋白signature 1位点和1个糖转运蛋白signature 2位点;剑白香猪与牛、兔、小家鼠、人、马、黑猩猩、褐家鼠、非洲爪蟾GLUT-4基因编码序列的同源性分别为91.76%、90.52%、87.91%、90.52%、92.29%、90.46%、87.52%和65.82%,氨基酸序列的同源性分别为94.7%、95.68%、94.11%、95.09%、94.89%、95.28%、94.5%和68.31%。     

羊驼AIF部分cDNA序列分析及其在不同毛色的表达定位

通过对已构建的羊驼皮肤cDNA文库进行筛选和ESTs分析，发现与其它动物AIF基因相应cDNA序列高度同源的序列，经序列分析证明命名为羊驼AIF基因序列，已经向Genbank提交。与其他动物（褐鼠、小鼠、人等）的AIF基因相应序列进行相似性比较，相似性分别为100%、91%、71.6%。运用免疫组化技术进一步研究该基因在羊驼皮肤中的表达和定位，结果显示AIF在羊驼毛囊的毛根、根鞘、毛球、毛乳头位置均呈阳性表达，且棕色皮肤比灰色皮肤表达量高，提示该基因可能和羊驼毛色形成或毛的生长相关。