密度对晋北区大豆农艺性状、经济性状及产量的影响

为了探讨不同种植密度对大豆性状及产量的影响,确定晋北区大豆的适宜种植密度,以晋豆43号为试验材料,设置了6个不同密度处理进行研究,结果表明:随着密度的加大,株高呈先升后降趋势,茎粗、主茎节数、分枝数、单株粒数、单株荚数、单株粒重均下降,百粒重先降后升,产量呈先增后降的趋势,适宜种植密度为21万~27万株/hm~2。相关性分析和通径分析表明:密度是优化大豆群体结构的重要措施,维持合理的种植密度,同时适当地提高单株粒重和分枝数,有利于提高大豆产量。通过SPSS曲线估计,得出种植密度与大豆产量关系的最佳预测模型是二次曲线模型y=b_0+b_1x+b_2x~2,晋北区大豆种植密度与产量关系最佳数学预测模型是y=-5762.478+791.819x-16.147x2,理论最适密度为24.5191万株/hm~2,产量为4 046.61kg/hm~2。该研究为晋北早熟区大豆高产栽培技术提供科学依据。     

不同施磷条件下大豆植株农艺性状与磷效率的关系

【研究目的】为了寻找直观、简便、可靠的用于磷效率筛选的农艺性状指标,探讨大豆植株农艺性状与磷效率的关系,【方法】试验选用3个“磷低效”大豆基因型HND3、HND17和HND18及“磷高效”大豆基因型HND34、HND37和HND38,采用高、低磷土壤盆栽试验,对大豆基因型磷效率与植株农艺性状的关系进行了研究。【结果】结果表明,在相关分析中,低磷（-P）和高磷（＋P）处理的x1（株高）、x4（单株荚数）、x5（单株粒数）、x8（地上部干重）和x9（根干重）,（-P）处理x3（节数）和（＋P）处理x2（分枝数）与磷效率（籽粒产量）均达到了显著或极显著水平。经逐步回归分析,建立了回归方程：（-P）处理：y=391.629＋9.271x1-2.674x2＋7.236x4＋76.932x9;（＋P）处理：y=699.882＋3.572x1＋22.956x4-191.103x6。在通径分析中,各农艺性状对籽粒产量的重要性依次为：（-P）处理：株高（0.456）〉单株荚数（0.360）〉根干重（0.267）〉分枝数（-0.021）;（＋P）处理：单株荚数（0.845）〉株高（0.126）〉每荚粒数（-0.117）。【结论】研究表明,在磷高效大豆基因型筛选中,应该考虑高、低磷条件下株高、单株荚数和根干重的综合表现。     

半无叶型菜豌豆7个农艺性状的通径分析

对“普通型日本菜豌豆×半无叶型菜豌豆宝菜2号”后代株系的株高（x1）、分枝数（x2）、糖度（x3）、单株荚数（x4）、双荚率（x5）、单株粒数（x6）、鲜百粒重（x7）、鲜荚产量（y）进行了通径分析。结果表明：各个性状对鲜荚产量均有直接正向效应,其相对重要性排序为单株粒数>鲜百粒重>单株荚数>分枝数>株高>糖度>双荚率,其中各个农艺性状对鲜荚产量的直接效应中单株粒数最高,鲜百粒重次之。间接效应中单株荚数通过单株粒数对鲜荚产量的间接作用最大。综合各影响因素,在选育半无叶型菜豌豆时应注意各农艺性状指标的合理搭配。     

种植方式和密度对大豆产量和单株性状的影响

种植方式和密度对高产、稳产、多抗大豆新品种濉科998产量和单株性状的试验研究表明:单位面积大豆子粒产量随密度变化而变化的关系可以用二次抛物线回归方程来表达。随着密度的增加,株高、主茎节数、有效分枝、单株荚数、单株粒数、单株粒重和单株茎重均趋于降低(减少),而底荚高度趋于上升,荚粒数、百粒重和粒茎比变化不大,相对稳定。濉科998适宜的密度为18万~27万株/hm²,最佳密度为22.5万株/hm²左右。最佳田间配置方式为行距40cm,株距11cm;或40-20cm宽窄行种植,株距14.8cm。     

大豆多四粒荚创新种质‘汾豆96’选育及理想模型构建

旨在选育多四粒荚大豆品种,构建理想模型,为大豆高产超高产育种探索新途径。用spss 18分析‘汾豆96’生理生态特性,以椭圆叶形多四粒荚‘汾豆96’为主,结合34份披针叶形四粒荚材料,对其10项产量相关的农艺性状用逐步回归法构建理想模型。‘汾豆96’群体内四粒荚单株的存在率达85%以上,单株四粒荚最高达49个,占总荚数的30.25%,‘汾豆96’产量随四粒荚数的增加总体呈增加趋势。当R~2=0.939时,模型拟合最优:Y=-87.583+0.415X_1-5.155X_2+10.094X_3+13.459X_4。回归方程表明多四粒荚创新材料产量与生物产量(X_1)、株高(X_2)、百粒重(X_3)和主茎节数(X_4)呈显著线性回归关系。提升每荚粒数和选育多四粒荚品种,是高产超高产育种产量突破的新途径。大豆品种具备的理想模型是抗倒伏、多荚粒、适合机械化收获的短节间密荚类型。     

鲜食大豆农艺性状鉴定及通径分析

对近年选育的津鲜豆3号、津鲜豆4号、2013-99、台75、95-1这5个鲜食大豆品种的农艺性状、理化指标进行测定分析和比较,并对鲜食大豆鲜荚产量与主要农艺性状指标进行相关分析,为筛选出较好的鲜食大豆品种及其品质育种提供参考。结果表明,5个鲜食大豆品种的二粒荚数、一粒荚数、株高、节数、百粒鲜质量、百荚质量、单株荚重、蛋白质、葡萄糖、蒸煮损失率均存在显著差异,单株荚重与株高、节数、百粒鲜质量、百荚质量、单株荚数、一粒荚数、二粒荚数和三粒荚数呈极度正相关,与结荚高度呈负相关。鲜食大豆的鲜荚产量主要影响因素为二粒荚数、一粒荚数和株高,建立的相关产量预测模型的理论结果与实际结果有较好的拟合性,适合用于鲜食大豆的产量预测。综合比较认为,津鲜豆3号为最适宜天津地区种植的鲜食大豆品种。     

半无叶型豌豆7个农艺性状的通径分析及利用

对半无叶型豌豆不同品系的株高（x1）、单株荚数（x2）、分枝数（x3）、百粒重（x4）、单株粒数（x5）、双花双荚数（x6)和单株籽粒产量（y）进行了通径分析。结果表明：各个性状对产量的相对重要性排 序为单株粒数＞百粒重＞分枝数＞单株荚数＞双花双荚数＞株高，其中，各个农艺性状对单株产量 的直接效应中单株粒数最高，间接效应中单株荚数通过单株粒数对籽粒产量的间接作用最大。进一步分析表明：在利用半无叶型豌豆育种中，应以选择单株粒数、单株荚数为主，同时要注意增加双花双荚数，适当兼顾百粒重及其它。试验证明半无叶型豌豆在高产育种中有重要利用价值。     

不同生态类型大豆农艺性状与产量关系的研究

针对山西省干旱少雨气候特点、大豆产量突破比较困难的现状,通过滚动筛选,对18份产量突出的不同生态类型大豆种质进行产量相关性状研究,以期为高产、超高产育种提供理论依据。对参试材料采用聚类分析,划分生态类型;用主成分分析法和相关性对其进行综合评价。结果表明,在欧氏距离OD=5.54处将其分为4类:第1类为多分枝结荚类型;第2类为中等分枝结荚类型;第3类为披针叶少分枝结荚类型;第4类为椭圆叶少分枝结荚类型。不同生态类型大豆种质产量与分枝数和三粒荚数呈显著正相关,与单株质量、二粒荚数、荚粒质量、粒质量和茎秆质量、总荚数、总粒数呈极显著正相关。不同分枝类型的大豆种质随密度变化,其产量达到最高值的点不尽相同,其中,多分枝类型的产量随着密度的增加呈升-降-升的变化趋势,密度为24万株/hm~2时达到最高点;中等分枝类型的产量随着密度增加呈升-降-升-降的趋势,密度为12,21万株/hm~2时呈现2个峰值,12万株/hm~2达到最高点;披针叶和椭圆叶的寡分枝类型产量随着密度的增加呈降-升-降的变化趋势,椭圆叶型密度为15万株/hm~2时达到最高点,披针叶型密度为18万株/hm~2时达到最高点。大豆高产、超高产育种应该关注多荚粒材料的应用和不同生态类型大豆材料的合理密度。     

免耕夏玉米田杂草生态经济阈值研究

为了明确免耕夏玉米田杂草的生态经济阈值,通过田间小区试验,采用添加法对田间杂草的种类和密度进行配置,田间小区完全随机区组排列,通过杂草密度与玉米产量损失率的关系计算杂草的生态经济阈值。结果表明,杂草密度(x)与玉米产量损失率(y)呈正相关,以拟合优度>0.90和残差平方和最小为条件对产量损失率曲线模型进行优选,其关系符合指数方程（y=46.4359-18.518e-x/21.9215-28.5039e-x/126.5527,R2=0.9609）,免耕夏玉米田杂草的生态经济阈值平均为2.27株/m2。通过该模型可明确田间杂草所能允许的最低密度,从而指导对田间杂草的综合治理。     

种植密度和施肥对菜用大豆产量性状的效应研究

采用2因素4水平随机区组设计,研究了种植密度和磷肥施用量对菜用大豆“绿75”产量性状的影响。结果表明,每公顷施270kg磷酸二铵能有效地增加分枝数、分枝荚数、主茎荚数、单株总荚数、单株粒重、单株粒数和小区产量。每公顷45万株的密度可提高单株荚数,但百粒重降低。不同因素间互作效应表明,每公顷施270kg磷酸和45万株密度,能增加单株的分枝数、分枝荚数、单株粒重和单株粒数。每公顷在22.5万~45万株,施用磷肥能有效地提高单株的主茎荚数和单株总荚数。在施肥量相同时,随着密度的增加产量提高。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.