气候变化对生计影响的研究进展

气候变化是全球变化的核心问题,已经引起了国际社会的广泛关注。气候变化对生计的影响成为新的研究热点之一。本文从气候变化和气象灾害两个方面,综述了气候变化对资本、能力及谋生活动的影响,旨在更加深入地理解气候变化对生计构成要素的具体影响。目前,国内有关生计以及气候变化对生计影响的研究很少,相关的学术领域还存在着很大的空白。     

基于InVEST模型评估土地整治对生境质量的影响

土地整治通过对土地资源及其利用方式再组织和再优化影响生境斑块之间物质流、能量流的循环过程,从而改变区域生境质量和分布格局。该文以大安市土地整治重大项目为例,采用InVEST模型分析了土地整治对生境质量的影响。研究表明:1)土地整治前(2008年)、整治中(2011年)、整治后(2014年),耕地、草地和盐碱地均为项目区的主要土地利用类型;2)土地整治后,大量的盐碱地和草地转变为耕地,耕地面积由整治前的14.43%上升到71.19%;3)土地整治中,项目区的生境质量得分由整治前的0.194下降到0.189,整治后又上升到0.214;4)土地整治工程改善了项目区的生境质量,但整治完成后生境质量改善效果经历了先下降后上升的过程,在整治完成3~4 a时,生境质量仅比整治前提高了0.06左右,整治完成4 a之后,生境质量开始逐渐好转。研究结果可为土地整治工作中的生境及生物多样性保护工作提供科学依据。     

Ciprofloxacin Adsorption on ZnO Supported on SBA-15

Most drugs are synthesized by human medicine both for the treatment of men and animals and are also produced to maintain their physical and chemical properties for a time sufficient to serve a therapeutic purpose in treatments of some kind of illness. Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic synthetically obtained in 1987 and belongs to the family of fluoroquinolones and is currently prescribed in certain treatments. This work was developed with the objective of evaluating the adsorption of the ciprofloxacin antibiotic in solution on zinc oxide (ZnO) supported on SBA-15-type mesoporous silica. The results showed that the post-synthesis method is effective in impregnating zinc oxide in SBA-15 and its structure has not been damaged and has not lost its organization in the hexagonal 2D planes. The ZnO-SBA-15 (10%) sample adsorbed 69.10% of ciprofloxacin (25 mg/L) in 180 min. Freundlich adsorption model was observed with the correlation factor of R²?=?0.9999, for the adsorbent ZnO-SBA-15 (10%), which showed the best sample. The kinetics was classified as pseudo-second order, as well as the thermodynamic parameters were determined, showing that the process has a spontaneous nature and a value of ΔH°?=?4.677 kJ/mol, evidencing that the process has the nature of physiosorption.     

基于本体的茶虫害诊断系统构建的研究

本文简单介绍了本体的基本概念及其组成结构,详细阐述了使用本体开发工具Protégé构建茶叶病虫害领域本体的方法。针对茶虫害领域知识的特点,本文采用生物分类法与完整的公理系统相结合的方法,清晰的体现了茶虫害领域知识的层次结构,并且有利于本体在诊断系统中的检索、推理等应用。     

Experimental study on the effects of multiple factors on spring meltwater erosion on an alpine meadow slope

Meadow degradation provides a major indication of increased soil erosion in alpine regions. Serious soil erosion is observed during the spring in particular because soil thawing coincides with the period of snowmelt and the meadow coverage is very low at this time. Studies relating to soil erosion caused by spring meltwater are, however, limited and controversial. Therefore, a field experimental study was conducted in a typical meadow in the Binggou watershed on the northern edge of the Tibetan Plateau to assess the impact of multiple factors on spring meltwater erosion on an alpine meadow slope. The multiple factors included three flow rates (1, 2, and 3 L/min), four slope gradients (10°, 15°, 20°, and 25°), and three underlying surface conditions (meadow, disturbed meadow, and alluvial soil). An equal volume of concentrated meltwater flow was used in all experiments. The results showed that rapid melting at a high flow rate could accelerate soil erosion; as the flow rate increased from 1 to 3 L/min, the total surface runoff increased by a factor of 0.7 and the total sediment yield increased by more than 6-fold. The influence of the slope gradient on the amount of runoff was positively linear and the influence was relatively low; when the slope increased from 10° to 25°, the total runoff only increased by 16%. However, the slope gradient had a strong impact on soil erosion. The total sediment yield doubled when the slope increased from 10° to 20° and then slightly decreased at 25°. The meadow could effectively reduce soil erosion, although when the meadow was disturbed, the total runoff increased by 60% and the sediment yield by a factor of 1.5. The total runoff from the alluvial soil doubled in comparison to the meadow, while the sediment yield increased nearly 7-fold. The findings of this study could be helpful to understand the characteristics and impact of multiple controlling factors of spring meltwater erosion. It also aims to provide a scientific basis for an improved management of alpine meadows as well as water and soil conservation activities in high-altitude cold regions.     

Note on nomenclature

The paper describes a model of the soil system. There are two different, partly complementary means of building such a model. One approach is to construct, using empirical physical science methods, an isomorphic model, in which each and every component (variable) of the system is an element in the model. The other approach is to build, using a systems synthesis methodology, a homomorphic model, in which several components of the system are grouped to form a single element in the model. The latter method is adopted in this paper because of its suitability for modelling at the level of the whole soil system.As regards forming the basis of a homorphic model of the whole soil system, existing concepts of soil genesis have limitations: either they are very complex isomorphic models, the implementation of which presents virtually insurmountable problems; or they are homomorphs but too general to be used in their present form. And the concepts make no reference to the functional boundaries of soil system units. Indeed, such a unit has not yet been satisfactorily defined; the nearest to it is the soil catena, which is considered at length in the paper. Some of these problems are resolved by the concept of soil landscape systems which, synoptically, is as follows. A basic functional of the soil system, it is proposed, is a three-dimensional body of soil known as a soil landscape system or a “valley basin”, that (1) is bounded by the soil surface, valley watershed and weathering front at the base of the soil; (2) forms part of a more extensive valley basin network; and (3) functions as an open system. The flux of solids, colloids and solutes within and across the landscape is shown to be organized within the framework of these soil system units, and is discussed in terms of inputs, outputs and storages of the soil skeleton (clastic sediment) subsystem, the soil plasma subsystem and the soil solution subsystem.The value if the soil landscape system concept as a homomorphic model is stated. Five main advantages are outlined which relate to the five main features of the model: it has clearly and comprehensively defined basic system elements; it has functionally defined, three-dimensional system boundaries; the relationships between elements can be established from empirical hypotheses; there is transport and conservation of matter and energy as in the very successful models of hydrological systems and ecosystems; change of the system through time can be directly studied by computer simulation and not indirectly by statistical extrapolation from empirically derived behaviour patterns. The model, it is hoped, should provide a rational physical basis for simulating soil systems.     

滤纸法新雨滴取样器的试验研究

 雨滴色斑面积叠合度是影响滤纸法测算雨滴滴谱精度的主要因素。采用人工降雨试验,建立了锥体式雨滴取样器优化数学模型,并运用正交设计优化法求得锥体坡度为45°,锥体高度为52mm;在相同试验条件下,进行了锥体式雨滴取样器与平板式雨滴取样器的对比试验,当雨滴中数直径分别为4.2mm和1.7mm时,φ150mm滤纸上的雨滴色斑面积叠合量平均可减少60.6mm2和42.0mm2,表明锥体式雨滴取样器优于平板式雨滴取样器。     

基于光谱分类的土壤盐分含量预测

基于相似土壤组分和光谱特征,利用土壤光谱反射率数据和曲线特征来进行土壤光谱分类,同时充分挖掘有效信息是光谱分析的重要应用方向之一。借助模糊k-均值聚类方法将土壤光谱数据分成四个类别(分类前先将原始光谱进行范围归一化处理),比较分析了不同类型土壤在光谱分类前后的高光谱特征,然后利用Kennard-Stone法将各类别样本划分为建模集和预测集,将预处理后的建模集光谱数据作为输入量,采用偏最小二乘回归法(PLSR)方法建立全局和各自类别的盐分预测模型。结果表明:光谱分类建模较按土壤系统分类建模和全局建模的精度有明显提高,其预测模型总体的预测决定系数RP2、预测均方根误差RMSEP、相对分析误差RPD和RPIQ(样本观测值三四分位数Q3与一四分位数Q1之差与RMSEP的比值)四个指标分别从0.664、1.219、1.733和1.461提高至0.818、1.132、2.356和2.422,其中RPD提高幅度达23.13%,四个类别所建模型RPD均大于2.0,可以对土壤含盐量进行较为精确的定量研究。研究结果为利用大样本光谱数据建立大尺度区域的盐分等土壤属性预测模型提供一种新的思路和方法。     

Studies on adsorption

The interaction between Telone, a pesticide, 1,3-dichloropropene, and acid- and base-taturated illites has been studied with the help of adsorption isotherms, desorption, pH, electrical conductivity, X-ray, and infrared spectra. The results furnished adsorption isotherms with three clearly defined portions: an ‘H’ curve, a ‘C’ curve, and a subsequent ‘H’ portion. The curvei represented a process of chemisorption of the nematocide followed by slow penetration of the substrate micropores by the solute at the planes, edges, and corners of illite structure. The results were in accordance with the existence of three ‘'sites'’ of different reactivities on the illite surface. A reaction mechanism for the process of chemisorption has been proposed.     

Sailing on reservoirs and its effects on water birds

There is increasing pressure to develop many existing water spaces in Britain for recreational activities. This trend will increase disturbance to water bird populations. This paper considers these problems and suggests the sorts of information which are needed for formulating multi-purpose amenity plans for water spaces, where a conservation interest exists. The study at the Brent Reservoir in north-west London has shown that a few species of wildfowl, e.g. Anas platyrhynchos, Aythya fuligula, Aythya ferina, still use the reservoir in autumn and winter despite an intensification of sailing activities. This use and the successful breeding of Podiceps cristatus and other species of water birds depends on the existence of a large enough part of the reservoir which is shallow and marshy and not accessible to boats. As there is some suggestion that larger flocks are more sensitive to disturbance than smaller ones, refuges may be made more effective by proper screening.     

The effects of forest liming on fertilization on fine-root growth

Results are reported from the investigations of fine-root development in Norway spruce and Scots pine stands in South and Central Sweden, subjected to different liming and fertilization regimes. The growth responses of the fine roots to varying mineral nutrient regimes seem to be dependent on the tree species, the age of the tree population and soil conditions. Nitrogen fertilization in some of the investigated stands had negative effects on the development of fine roots, resulting in a reduction in the amount of fine roots to about 50% of that in the control. However, negative effects were not consistent in all stands, positive growth responses were also obtained. In these stands, the amount of fine roots was increased by 2 to 3 times. Liming in combination with fertilization resulted in a strong decrease in the amount of fine roots to about 30% of that in the control in some of the investigated stands. Liming in high doses is expected to produce a persistent increase in pH (H₂O and base saturation in the soil. However, results from the present study suggest that liming may have a negative effect on the development of tree fine roots, particularly in areas with a high N deposition. The application of crushed dolomite had less negative effects on fine root development than crushed calcitric lime and different types of residue products, such as wood and peat ashes.     

The effects of forest liming on fertilization on fine-root growth

Results are reported from the investigations of fine-root development in Norway spruce and Scots pine stands in South and Central Sweden, subjected to different liming and fertilization regimes. The growth responses of the fine roots to varying mineral nutrient regimes seem to be dependent on the tree species, the age of the tree population and soil conditions. Nitrogen fertilization in some of the investigated stands had negative effects on the development of fine roots, resulting in a reduction in the amount of fine roots to about 50% of that in the control. However, negative effects were not consistent in all stands, positive growth responses were also obtained. In these stands, the amount of fine roots was increased by 2 to 3 times. Liming in combination with fertilization resulted in a strong decrease in the amount of fine roots to about 30% of that in the control in some of the investigated stands. Liming in high doses is expected to produce a persistent increase in pH (H₂O) and base saturation in the soil. However, results from the present study suggest that liming may have a negative effect on the development of tree fine roots, particularly in areas with a high N deposition. The application of crushed dolomite had less negative effects on fine root development than crushed calcitric lime and different types of residue products, such as wood and peat ashes.     

基于VB的林地资源管理系统研究

林地资源是森林资源的重要组成部分,极大地影响着工农业经济的发展,然而长期以来林地资源有效管理的缺失,导致了林地资源大量流失和严重的生态问题,因此研究利用信息技术建立林地资源管理系统,对于加强林地资源管理,掌握林地的消长变化以及制定和调整林业的方针政策具有重要的意义。     

Studies on soil fumigation—II: Effects on bacteria

In a South Australian wheat-field soil the viable counts of “total” aerobic bacteria and of fluorescent pseudomonads were initially greatly depressed by fumigation with 220 kg·ha^?1 chloropicrin (CP) or with a combined application of 220 kg·ha^?1 of chloropicrin and 220 kg·ha^?1 methyl bromide (F). Bacterial numbers rose sharply within 10 days of the completion of fumigation. For a further 14 days the fluorescent pseudomonads formed the major part of the aerobic bacterial population counted and over 5 months later their numbers in F-treated soil remained about 10 times higher than in untreated soil. Numbers of aerobic spore-formers rose more slowly after CP or F treatment. but then remained significantly higher over the 159 days of the trial. Fumigation with 220 kg·ha^?1 of methyl bromide alone (MB) had little effect on soil bacterial numbers.A check of random isolates revealed a predominance of Gram-negative organisms in soil treated with CP, this dominance decreasing with time, whereas MB treatment did not result in any detectable change.Fluorescent pseudomonads from rhizospheres of wheat plants in soil fumigated with CP contained smaller proportions of strains antagonistic in vitro to Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici than isolates from MB-treated soil or from untreated soil.     

坡地磷素迁移研究进展

坡地磷素迁移是导致土壤质量退化、肥料利用率降低以及水体富营养化的重要原因,是非点源污染的重要形式.通过对土壤中磷素的形态转化、降雨特征、土壤理化性状与地形条件以及土地利用方式等四个主要方面阐述了坡地磷素迁移的国内外研究进展,提出当前坡地磷素迁移研究的三个主要方向:(1)遴选适当的磷素形态指标,使之能同时较敏感地反映坡地磷素流失对水环境和土壤质量的影响;(2)磷素在土壤中的形态转化与坡地磷素迁移的相互关系;(3)坡地磷素迁移的动态过程与空间变异.通过这三方面的工作将会有力促进磷素迁移及其环境影响研究的规范化,促进土壤科学与环境科学的相互借鉴与融合,也将为农田养分的科学管理、土壤退化的控制与修复奠定理论基础.     

基于遥感信息预测土壤水分研究

土壤水分是水文学、气象学、土壤学、生态学以及农业科学等研究领域中的一个重要的参数。总结了当前国内外基于遥感信息监测土壤水分的原理和方法,特别是对数据同化法进行了着重阐述。通过对各类方法的比较,认为数据同化法是监测土壤水分最有前景的方法之一。     

GIS支持下的江西省水土流失生态环境风险评价

以江西省为例 ,在合理地选择对水土流失有影响的生态环境因子基础上 ,利用土壤侵蚀公式计算值 ,按环境因子对水土流失影响的危险程度 ,对各环境因子进行风险打分 ,在 ARC/ INFO中运用主成分分析方法 ,确定各环境因子的权重 ,同时选出主成分 ,把主成分与其权重相乘得到风险图 ,在 ARCVIEW下定出风险等级 ,从而对江西省的生态环境风险性作出评价     

The Effect of Organic Structures on Pentachlorophenol Adsorption on Soil

The adsorption of pentachlorophenol (PCP) on a soil was studied by equilibrating the soil (with and without its indigenous organic matter) with PCP in the presence and the absence of added natural organic species (benzoic acid, lactic acid, glucuronic acid and catechol). Both the added organic species and the indigenous organic matter were found to enhance PCP adsorption, the enhancement being greater with benzoic acid than with the less hydrophobic lactic acid. Adsorption of these organic species was also enhanced by PCP, suggesting the existence of a co-operative adsorption mechanism.     

规模化猪场粪污处理工艺的研究

在国内外猪场粪污处理工艺调研的基础上，通过对粪污粒径分布、沉降性能和气浮工艺适用性的试验研究，确定了一种先进实用、可靠、易行的猪场粪污达标排放的处理工艺。     

规模化猪场粪污处理工艺的研究

在国内外猪场粪污处理工艺调研的基础上，通过对粪污粒径分布、沉降性能和气浮工艺适用性的试验研究，确定了一种先进实用、可靠、易行的猪场粪污达标排放的处理工艺。