基于生态位模型的高标准基本农田建设适宜性评价

该研究以生态位理论为基础,以河南省新郑市为研究区域,结合高标准基本农田的建设目标,提出了高标准基本农田生态位的概念,构建了高标准基本农田生态位适宜度评价模型,并在基本农田现实生态位空间与最适宜生态位空间匹配度评判的基础上,将新郑市高标准基本农田划分为4个建设适宜性等级,明确了不同区域高标准基本农田建设的适宜度。同时以区域高标准基本农田生态位最适值作为评判标准,构建了障碍因子诊断模型,分析了各障碍因子的限制程度。研究结果表明:1)新郑市基本具备高标准基本农田建设条件的面积为14 017.72 hm2,占全市耕地面积的25.88%。需稍加整治即可达到基本农田建设条件的区域面积为21 121.15 hm2,占全市耕地面积的38.99%;需全面整治才可达到基本农田建设条件的区域面积为4 559.37 hm2,占全市耕地面积的8.42%;暂不适宜建设的区域面积为14 469.70 hm2,占全市耕地面积的26.71%。2)新郑市耕地整体自然禀赋较好,制约新郑市高标准基本农田建设的主要障碍因子是灌溉保障率和土壤污染指数。3)利用生态位模型进行高标准基本农田建设适宜性评价,丰富了生态位理论在不同领域中的应用,同时也为高标准基本农田建设项目选址及规划方案设计提供了依据。

Suitability evaluation on high quality capital farmland consolidation based on niche-fitness model

Abstract: It is China''s significant strategic move to carry out rural land consolidation and construct high quality capital farmland on a large scale, which ensures stable yields despite drought or excessive rain. However, the construction project of high quality capital farmland is currently with the lack of scientific instruction in line with local conditions in respect of project site selection and design approach. An empirical research was conducted in Xinzheng City to study suitability evaluation and obstacle indicators of high quality capital farmland. Based on the theory of ecological niche and the construction target of high-quality capital farmland, this paper proposed the very concept of high quality capital farmland niche, and established the index system from the different aspects of natural resource endowment, infrastructure, sustainability of high quality capital farmland and its space stability. Thirteen indicators were selected during the evaluation. Then this paper built the niche-fitness evaluation model. Throughout the evaluation model as well as the matching degree between the actual niche and the first-rate niche, 4 levels were divided to pinpoint the niche of the high quality capital farmland in different regions. The farmland in the first level areas was high quality capital farmland; the farmland in the second level areas needed to be improved; the farmland in the third level needed to be comprehensively renovated; and the farmland in the fourth level was not appropriate for exploitation. This paper clarified the niche of the high quality capital farmland in different regions, took the first-rate niche as the sole criterion to establish the diagnosis model of obstacle indicators, analyzed the restricted degree and diversity of the obstacle indicators, clarified the priority and orientation on capital farmland construction in different regions, and sought countermeasures and valid paths. The results were as follows: 1) 14 017.72 hm2 farmland was high quality capital farmland, accounting for 25.88% of the city''s farmland, 21 121.15 hm2 farmland needed to be improved, accounting for 38.99% of the city''s farmland, 4 559.37 hm2 farmland needed to be comprehensively renovated, accounting for 8.42% of the city''s farmland, and 14 469.70 hm2 farmland was not appropriate for exploitation, accounting for 26.71% of the city''s farmland; 2) In Xinzheng City, the arable land was in a good natural endowment, and the security of irrigation and soil pollution index were the main obstacle indicators; 3) Using the niche-fitness model to pinpoint the niche of high quality capital farmland, could extend the application range of the theory of ecological niche, solve the problems including indeterminate key rectification regions and unreasonable project locations, and provide the theoretical basis for project site selection and design approach.