我国农业用水安全的分区及发展对策

针对我国农业用水区域差异特点,选择水资源状况、农业用水特征、经济发展水平、农业生产条件等4个方面的10个指标,采用聚类分析方法,以2013年为基准年对我国农业用水进行分区,为我国农业用水安全提供依据。结果表明,按照省级行政单元农业用水可划分为8类地区,第1类地区包括江西、湖南、湖北等3省,农业用水量和粮食产量分别占全国农业用水量和粮食产量的13.3%和12.5%;第2类地区包括贵州、云南、安徽、四川、重庆、广西等6个省(直辖市、自治区),上述2个指标分别为23.6%和20.3%;第3类地区是海南省,上述2个指标分别为0.9%和0.3%;第4类地区包括山东、河南、河北、辽宁、山西、陕西、甘肃等7省,以占6.8%的水资源量、19.2%的农业用水量,生产了33.7%的农业产值和32.4%的粮食;第5类地区包括吉林、黑龙江、内蒙古等3省(自治区),以占6.9%的水资源量、12.0%的农业用水量,生产了20.5%的粮食;第6类地区包括宁夏、新疆、西藏、青海等4个省(自治区),农业用水量、粮食产量分别占16.2%和3.2%;第7类地区包括福建、广东、江苏、浙江等4省,农业用水量和粮食产量占全国比例分别为19.5%和10.2%;第8类地区包括天津、上海、北京等3个直辖市,农业用水量与粮食产量最低,分别占全国比例为1.1%和0.6%。第4类和第5类地区合计农业用水量和粮食产量占全国比例分别为31.2%和52.9%,是我国农业水资源管理特别关注的地区。在此基础上,提出了我国农业用水分区对策,第1类地区以节水为主;第2类地区以提高灌溉水利用系数为主;第3类地区增加有效灌溉面积;第4类地区在挖掘本地区节水潜力的前提下,通过外流域调水或水权交易增加水资源总量;第5类地区以提高农业用水保障程度为主;第6类地区以保护水资源和水源涵养为主;第7类、第8类地区以提高农业用水效益为主。本文研究结果可为我国农业用水安全提供科学依据。

Agricultural water security zoning and developmental countermeasures in China

Although water resources is the basis of food security, agricultural water shortage is rampant in China. In view of regional differences in agricultural water use in the country, 10 indicators were selected and adopted for zoning of agricultural water consumption. Ten indicators belong to four groups (the conditions of water resources, the level of economic development, the state of agricultural production, and the features of agricultural water use) were selected, and cluster analysis used to divide agricultural water consumption zones with 2013 as the base year. The results indicated that China was divided in 8 zones of agricultural water consumption based on administrative units at provincial level. The first zone included Jiangxi, Hunan and Hubei Provinces, where the proportions of total agricultural water use (TAWU) and grain production in the country were 13.3% and 12.5%, respectively. The second zone included Guizhou, Yunnan, Anhui, Sichuan, Chongqing and Guangxi Provinces (City or Autonomous Region), where TAWU and grain production were 23.6% and 20.3%, respectively. The third zone covered Hainan Province for which the TAWU and grain production were 0.9% and 0.3%, respectively. Then the forth zone included Shandong, Henan, Hebei, Liaoning, Shanxi, Shaanxi and Gansu Provinces with a combined agricultural output accounting for 33.7% of the total agricultural output of the country and accounted for 32.4% of the China’s total grain production. However, it had only 6.8% of the total amount of water and used only 19.2% water resources of the country. The fifth zone included Jilin, Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia Provinces (Autonomous Region), accounting for 20.5% of the country’s total grain production, 6.9% of its total water amount and 12.0% of the TAWU. The sixth zone covered Ningxia, Xinjiang, Tibet and Qinghai, accounting respectively for 16.2% and 3.2% of the country’s TAWU and grain production. The seventh zone included Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces, with 19.5% and 10.2% of China’s TAWU and grain production, respectively. The eighth zone included Tianjin, Shanghai, Beijing, etc., which accounted for 1.1% and 0.6%of the China’s TAWU and grain production, respectively. As the agricultural water use and grain production in the fourth and fifth zones accounted respectively for 31.2% and 52.9% of the country’s total, there was need to treat the two zones with a specific concern in terms of agricultural water management. Among the countermeasures to agricultural water use put forward for the zones, water saving was important for the first zone, improved irrigation water use coefficient for the second zone, increased effective irrigation area in the third zone, and improved total water resources through water transfer from other basins and increased water-saving potential inside the basins for forth zone. There was the need to increase the degree of water assurance in the fifth zone, to focus on water resources protection and conservation in the sixth zone, and to promote water utilization efficiency in the seventh and eighth zones. The paper therefore solidly laid the scientific basis for sustainable utilization of water resources in the whole of China.