南方水网区生猪养殖的粪污治理模式探讨

南方水网区作为我国重要的水源地,在暴发非洲猪瘟前(2012—2018年),约14.75%的国土面积承载全国50%左右的生猪供应。在全国25.66万户的规模化猪场中,南方水网区占59.38%,且以大规模居多,并呈现人多地少存栏偏多和生猪养殖密度偏大等问题。截止2017年年底,全国超过100、160和200头/km²的省(市)分别有20、14和11个,南方水网区分别占50%、64.28%和72.73%;对已颁布畜禽排放地方标准的6省(市)中,南方水网区占83.33%。这种过于集中的养殖负荷导致生猪饲养与水环境保护的矛盾突出。本文结合国家政策指引和市场需求,提出一种集"地方政府、科研院校、环保公司、养猪企业"于一起的"政研产用"合作模式,并在此基础上分析县级区域化生猪养殖污染综合治理模式,以期为我国生猪非洲猪瘟后的复产养殖与生态环境协同发展提供一些思路。

On modes of manure treatment in pig breeding in South China Water Network area

As an important water source in China,the South China Water Network area covers about 14.75%of the country’s land area which carries about 50%of pig production before the African Swine Fever outbreak(from 2012 to 2018).Among the 256,600 scale pig farms in the country,the South China Water Network area accommodates 59.38%of the total farms,and most of them are large-scale ones.At the same time,there are many problems including many people with less land but more deposits,and pigs kept at a higher density.By the end of 2017,there were 20,14 and 11 provinces that raised pigs for more than 100,160 and 200 heads/km²,respectively.Then,the South China Water Network area accounted for 50%,64.28%and 72.73%of the total cases.Among the six provinces which have issued local standards for livestock and poultry discharge in the country,the South China Water Network area accounted for 83.33%of them.This excessively concentrated breeding load has led to a prominent contradiction between pig breeding and water-environment protection.Therefore,the authors of this article take into consideration national policy guidelines and market needs and suggest a model of cooperation between government,industry and research institutes that involves local governments,research and development organizations,environmental protection companies,and pig-raising enterprises,analyze the comprehensive pollution control model of county-level regional pig farms,hopefully to serve Chinese livestock and poultry industries.Finally,the authors hope to provide some ideas for the renewing coordinated development of reproductive and ecological environment after the African Swine Fever epidemic.