Multi-scale responses of bird species to tree cover and development in an urbanizing landscape |
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| Affiliation: | 1. USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 359 Main Rd., Delaware, OH 43015, USA;2. Bowling Green State University, Department of Biological Sciences, 429e Life Sciences Building, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA;1. Department of Systems Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic;2. Nature Conservation Agency of the Czech Republic, Kaplanova 1931/1, 148 00 Prague 11-Chodov, Czech Republic;1. Davis College, Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA;2. Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories, 13768 Hamilton Rd., Charlotte, NC, USA;3. InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenia and University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia;4. North Elementary School, Morgantown, WV, USA;1. Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil;2. Department of Environmental Science – DCAm, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil;3. USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA;4. USDA Agricultural Research Service, Grassland Soil and Water Research Laboratory, Temple, TX, USA;5. School of Computer Science – Facom, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil;1. Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;2. Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, 321 Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;3. Department of Forest Resources & Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;4. Planning Department, Union County, Monroe, NC, USA;5. North Carolina State Extension, USA;1. Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China;2. Univeristy of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;3. Forestry College, Beihua University, Jilin 132103, China;4. Environment and Resources College, Dalian Nationalities University, Dalian 116600, China;5. Department of Human Resources Management, School of Business and Management, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China |
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| Abstract: | Landscape change is an ongoing process for even the most established landscapes, especially in context to urban intensification and growth. As urbanization increases over the next century, supporting bird species’ populations within urbanizing areas remains an important conservation challenge. Fundamental elements of the biophysical structure of urban environments in which bird species likely respond include tree cover and human infrastructure. We broadly examine how tree cover and urban development structure bird species distributions along the urban-rural gradient across multiple spatial scales. We established a regional sampling design within the Oak Openings Region of northwestern, Ohio, USA, to survey bird species distributions across an extensive urbanization gradient. Through occupancy modeling, we obtained standardized effects of bird species response to local and landscape-scale predictors and found that landscape tree cover influenced the most species, followed by landscape impervious surface, local building density, and local tree cover. We found that responses varied according to habitat affiliation and migratory distance of individual bird species. Distributions of short-distance, edge habitat species located towards the rural end of the gradient were explained primarily by low levels of urbanization and potential vegetative and supplemental resources associated with these areas, while forest species distributions were primarily related to increasing landscape tree cover. Our findings accentuate the importance of scale relative to urbanization and help target where potential actions may arise to benefit bird diversity. Management will likely need to be implemented by municipal governments and agencies to promote tree cover at landscape scale, followed by residential land management education for private landowners. These approaches will be vital in sustaining biodiversity in urbanizing landscapes as urban growth expands over the next century. |
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| Keywords: | Urban Trees Birds Impervious surface Landscape scale Occupancy modeling |
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