Interactive effects of biochar and N-fixing companion plants on growth and physiology of Acer saccharinum |
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| Institution: | 1. Institute of Forestry and Conservation, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks St., Toronto M5S 3B3, Canada;2. Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;1. Department of Systems Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic;2. Nature Conservation Agency of the Czech Republic, Kaplanova 1931/1, 148 00 Prague 11-Chodov, Czech Republic;1. Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia;2. Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland;3. Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland;4. Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Orsay, France;5. Université de Poitiers, CNRS, EBI, F-86000 Poitiers, France;6. Department of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland;7. Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium;8. Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal;9. Departments of Plant Biology and Geology, Faculty of Sciences University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal;1. Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States;2. USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Baltimore Field Station, Baltimore, MD, United States;3. Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States |
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| Abstract: | The use of biochar with N-fixing species has been shown to enhance productivity of agricultural systems, both in N-fixing crops, as well as in mixed-species systems. Here we investigate the potential for the use of a granulated mixed conifer biochar and a sugar maple biochar in combination with N-fixing companion plants in an urban forestry context. A factorial greenhouse experiment compared growth responses in silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.) saplings planted with two biochar types as soil amendments, alone and in combination with two N-fixing plant companions (Trifolium repens L. and Dalea purpurea Vent.). Both biochar types enhanced tree growth; however, a maple feedstock biochar resulted in greater increases than a granulated conifer-feedstock biochar. N-fixing companion species also increased tree growth, although the faster-growing Trifolium reduced soil moisture content and reduced sapling growth in the absence of biochar. The highest tree growth performance and total N uptake was obtained with a combination of both biochar and N-fixing plants, with a ~30 % increase in biomass compared to controls for the granulated conifer biochar, and a ~55 % increase for the maple biochar. We conclude that biochar additions in combination with N-fixing companion species have considerable promise in an urban forestry context, but that optimization of the system in terms of biochar type and species combination is an important consideration. |
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| Keywords: | Biochar Charcoal Clover nitrogen-fixation Soil pH Urban forestry Nursery practices |
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