Detecting,quantifying, and mapping urban trees' structural defects using infrared thermography: Implications for tree risk assessment and management |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Systems Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic;2. Nature Conservation Agency of the Czech Republic, Kaplanova 1931/1, 148 00 Prague 11-Chodov, Czech Republic;1. Via Sandro Pertini 15, Bereguardo, 27021 Pavia, Italy;2. Piazza Matteotti 25, Lonate Ceppino, 21050 Varese, Italy;3. Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco,TO, Italy;1. Michigan State University, Department of Horticulture, 1066 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;2. Michigan State University, Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences, 673 Auditorium Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;3. Michigan State University, Department of Forestry, 480 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;1. Biodiversity and Landscape, TERRA Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux 5030, Belgium;2. Plants and Ecosystems, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk 2610, Belgium;1. RJH Consultants, Inc., 9800 Pyramid Cr. #330, Englewood, CO 80112, USA;2. Dept of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee – Knoxville, 415 JDT Engineering Building, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;3. Dept. of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, 590 Woody Hayes Dr., Columbus, OH 43210, USA;4. Dept of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, 415 ASI Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA;5. Dept of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport Studies, University of Tennessee – Knoxville, 1914 Andy Holt Ave., Knoxville, TN 37996, USA |
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| Abstract: | Urban trees are a fundamental and key component of urban green areas, however, they are subject to several stresses which can compromise their mechanical integrity through the development of defects such as wood decay. In this study, we evaluated the structural health state of trees in four urban parks in the city of Mytilene, Greece, using structural traits of the trees, their trunk surface temperature distribution as recorded using infrared thermography, and spatial statistics both at single tree and at park level. We developed thermal indices by analyzing data from 334 trees belonging to three main species (Robinia pseudoacacia, Morus alba and Melia azedarach). We estimated temperature spatial dependence across each tree trunk using Moran's I index, while statistically significant spatial clusters were assessed using local spatial autocorrelation statistics. Relationships between tree traits, thermal, and spatial indices were established using linear and logistic regression models. Finally, we used the Getis-Ord Gi* statistic for the identification of risky tree hotspots and we applied the kriging geostatistical procedure for mapping of such hotspots. Our results have shown that the thermal and spatial indices can sufficiently predict different types of structural defect, and to identify hotspots of risky trees and their spatial extent. This approach can successfully contribute to tree risk assessment for a more effective urban park management. |
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| Keywords: | Arboreal vegetation Infrared thermography Risky trees Spatial statistics Tree cavity |
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