Feasibility and clinical utility of transvenous intracardiac echocardiography in conscious,sedated horses |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano dell''Emilia, Italy;2. Freelance Veterinary Cardiologist, Bologna, Italy;3. Clinica Veterinaria Sasso Marconi, viale Verde 7, 40037, Sasso Marconi, Italy;4. Clinica Veterinaria San Sebastiano, via Boari 22, 04026, Minturno, Italy;5. Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy;1. Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy;2. Freelance Veterinary Cardiologist, Italy;3. Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy;1. Equine Sports Medicine Practice, Avenue Beau Séjour 83, 1410 Waterloo, Belgium;2. New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, 382 W Street Road, 19348 PA, Kennett Square, USA;1. Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;2. Section of Cardiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;3. The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, England, UK;1. AniCura Specialistisch Verwijscentrum Haaglanden, Frijdastraat 20a, Rijswijk, 2288 EZ, the Netherlands;2. Veterinaire Specialisten Vught, Reutsedijk 8a, Vught, 5264 PC, the Netherlands |
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| Abstract: | Introduction/objectivesIntracardiac echocardiography (ICE) is a method of obtaining echocardiographic images with a steerable ultrasound catheter placed within the heart via a venous or arterial approach. The objectives of this study were to assess the feasibility of a 5–10 MHz, 8 French, 90 cm ICE catheter to evaluate cardiac structures and function in standing, sedated horses, and describe standard views in this species.AnimalsTen apparently healthy horses weighing 458.1–618.2 kg from a university teaching herd.Materials and methodsEach horse had a physical examination, transthoracic echocardiography, and ICE performed through a 10 French introducer percutaneously placed in the right jugular vein in the proximal third of the neck with continuous ECG monitoring using telemetry.ResultsThree intracardiac echocardiography positions (cranial right atrium, mid right atrium, and right ventricle) with seven views were described with the associated 2D, pulse wave Doppler, continuous wave Doppler, color Doppler, and M-mode image acquisition standardized by referencing the intracardiac positions and common landmarks. The positions were confirmed with simultaneous transthoracic echocardiography. The procedure was well tolerated with only mild, occasional ventricular, and supraventricular arrhythmias that resolved with intracardiac echocardiography catheter repositioning.ConclusionsIntracardiac echocardiography is feasible, safe, and allows for the acquisition of diagnostic images in conscious, sedated horses. |
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| Keywords: | Equine Probe Catheter Cardiology |
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