Sooty canker,a destructive disease of banyan (Ficus benghalensis L.) trees in landscapes of Kish Island (Iran) |
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| Institution: | 1. Davis College, Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA;2. Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories, 13768 Hamilton Rd., Charlotte, NC, USA;3. InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenia and University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia;4. North Elementary School, Morgantown, WV, USA;1. School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China;2. Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic;3. Key Laboratory for Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China;4. Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, China;5. Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200041, China;6. Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Province, Sanya, China;1. National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (Inrae), Unit Research: Innovation and Development in agriculture and food, 2 place Viala, 34000 Montpellier, France;2. L''institut Agro | Montpellier SupAgro, Unit Research: Innovation and Development in agriculture and food, 2 place Viala, 34000 Montpellier, France |
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| Abstract: | Ficus benghalensis L (banyan tree) has been planted as ornamental tree in parks, landscapes as well as along roads and streets in many southern cities of Iran. During field surveys conducted in Kish Island (Hormozgān province) an unusual decline was noticed on F. benghalensis. Affected trees exhibited bark necrosis, peeled off bark and cankers on branches and aerial roots, yellowing and defoliation, branch dieback and eventually death. A black sooty mass of fungal spores under the bark as well as wood discoloration in cross sections were also observed on infected parts of trees and pruning wood debris. Samples were collected from all affected parts of trees showing disease symptoms, pruning wood debris as well as rove arthropods in close proximity to the trees for the presence of fungal inoculum. In this study 239 Botryosphaeriaceae-like isolates were obtained from discoloured wood tissues, pruning wood debris and from the bodies of collected arthropods. Based on morphological characteristics and DNA sequence data of ITS and tef-1α gene regions, isolates were identified as Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Neoscytalidium dimidiatum. Pathogenicity of both species was performed on the branches of banyan trees and L. theobromae was more virulent, based on the length of necrotic lesions in the wood, than those of N. dimidiatum. This study is the first report of N. dimidiatum associated with sooty canker and dieback of F. benghalensis worldwide. Our study showed for the first time that L. theobromae and N. dimidiatum can also be associated with some arthropods. Our outcomes can improve the management strategies of trunk diseases caused by Botryosphaeriaceae species on ornamental trees in landscapes. |
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| Keywords: | Arthropods Botryosphaeriaceae Canker Ornamental trees Pruning debris Trunk diseases |
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