1923—2005年中国大豆育成品种种质的地理来源及其遗传贡献

中国大豆育成品种的种质构成可通过追溯其祖先亲本的遗传贡献来估计。本研究搜集1923—2005年全国育成的1 300个大豆育成品种系谱资料, 追溯其祖先亲本, 计算每一育成品种祖先亲本的细胞核和细胞质遗传贡献值, 并分析其种质的地理来源及其年代演变特点。结果表明, 全国1 300个大豆育成品种来源于670个细胞核、344个细胞质终端祖先亲本, 其地理来源按国内I、II、III、IV、V、VI生态区和国外归类, 地理来源不详的另归一类, 相应的核(质)遗传贡献率分别为45.44 (49.77) %、23.23 (26.31) %、7.33 (9.62) %、4.40 (4.62) %、0.87 (1.08) %、0.55 (0.77) %、17.75 (7.00) %和0.45 (0.85) %; 各生态区育成品种的核(质)种质主要来自本区祖先亲本。近十年(1996—2005)全国育成的592个品种中, 国外、VI区和地理来源不详者祖先亲本核(质)贡献率分别增加了11.96 (8.85) %、0.89 (1.07) %和0.22 (0.62) %, I、II、III、IV和V区祖先亲本核(质)贡献率分别下降了7.83 (4.22) %、3.66 (6.13) %、0.66 (0.34) %、0.64 (0.41) %和0.27 (0.12) %; 归纳出了这期间育成品种的46个重要祖先亲本; 各生态区间种质交流虽有增加, 但所在区种质仍占绝大部分。整体上说, 十年来我国大豆育成品种种质的地理来源有所增宽, 但仍主要局限在本生态区,为了拓宽未来品种的遗传基础需进一步加强各生态区间的种质交流与利用。

Geographical Sources of Germplasm and Their Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Contribution to Soybean Cultivars Released during 1923 to 2005 in China

It provides important and necessary information for future soybean breeding to estimate the genetic contribution from the end ancestors of the released cultivars. Based on the pedigree data of 1 300 soybean cultivars released during 1923−2005 in China, the nuclear and cytoplasmic contribution rates of the end ancestors to each of the cultivars were calculated and analyzed. The 1 300 cultivars were traced back to 670 nuclear and 344 cytoplasmic ancestors and had 45.44% (49.77%), 23.23% (26.31%), 7.33% (9.62%), 4.40% (4.62%), 0.87% (1.08%), and 0.55% (0.77%) of nuclear (cytoplasmic) germplasm from Eco-region I, II, III, IV, V, VI, 17.75% (7.00%) from foreign countries, and 0.45% (0.85%) from geographic-unknown sources, respectively, while the nuclear (cytoplasmic) germplasm of the cultivars mainly came from their own eco-regions released them. During the last decade (1996−2005), among 592 cultivars released, their nuclear (cytoplasmic) germpasm from foreign countries, eco-region VI and some geographic-unknown sources increased by 11.96% (8.85%), 0.89% (1.07%), and 0.22% (0.62%), but those from eco-region I−V decreased by 7.83% (4.22%), 3.66% (6.13%), 0.66% (0.34%), 0.64% (0.41%), and 0.27% (0.12%), respectively; 46 core end ancestors of the cultivars released during 1996−2005 were nominated on the basis of their nuclear and cytoplasmic contribution; the exchange and utilization of germplasm among eco-regions were improved but mostly still limited in their own eco-regions. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen germplasm exchange among eco-regions for broadening genetic bases of the future cultivars.