吉林省玉米生产中水分高效农艺技术途径与模式探索

近年来,吉林省粮食产量逐步提升,已连续8年总产量稳定在350亿kg以上,对保障国家粮食安全做出了重要贡献。吉林省水资源总量相对贫乏,虽然自然降水相对丰富,但时空分布不均,加之气候暖干化,导致的季节性干旱是吉林省农业发展的主要制约因素。此外,长期重用轻养的生产方式造成耕层土壤结构恶化,水分蓄、保、供能力下降,致使粮食增产与水资源紧缺的矛盾十分突出。针对上述生产与技术问题,围绕“以高效利用自然降水为主,节水补充灌溉为辅”的技术原则,开展玉米丰产高效栽培机理和关键技术创新,在半湿润区提出了“蓄水保墒”自然降水高效利用技术,在半干旱区提出了“蓄水保墒+节水补灌”水分高效利用技术,构建了7套适于吉林省半干旱、半湿润区的栽培技术模式,并在生产中示范推广应用。

Technical Approach and Model Exploration of Water High-efficient Utilization in Maize Cultivation of Jilin Province

Grain yield in Jilin province has continued to increase and exceeded 35 billion kg annually in the last 8 years,which was of great importance to achieve national food security in China.However,agricultural development in the region is mainly limited by seasonal drought considering its frequent occurrence,which is caused by climate warming and drying and water resource shortage associating with the high spatial and temporal variations in precipitation irrelevant of its abundance in the total amount.The conflict between yield increment and water shortage has been exacerbated in maize fields with the deterioration in topsoil structure and a declined water-holding and water-supplying capacity due to the overused without proper attention to the maintenance of its fertility.Therefore,to focus on maize high-yield cultivation theory and its technological development according to the principle of depending mainly on high-efficient use of natural precipitation and partially on water-saving irrigation.Maize cultivation technologies have been developed to store and retain soil moisture by high-efficient utilization on natural precipitation in the sub-humid area and by water-saving irrigation in the semi-arid area,respectively.As a result,there were 7 sets of cultivation technology models that have been created on the basis of differences in soil water condition and then been widely applied in different maize fields of Jilin province.