云南玉溪植烟土壤速效养分空间变异特征及应用

为探讨烟田土壤养分空间变异特征及利用空间变异进行分区管理的技术路线,以全国烤烟种植典型产区云南省玉溪市烟田土壤为例,形成土壤养分空间变异分析—空间分布—肥料养分推荐—分区配方的技术思路。基于烟区土壤养分数据,应用地理信息系统(GIS),采用地统计学方法研究烟区耕作层(0~20 cm)土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾的变异特征和空间分布。以乡镇作为管理单元,依据烟田土壤肥力评价及养分管理指标体系,计算出乡镇烤烟养分管理的氮、磷、钾肥料推荐量。采用聚类分析方法,结合烤烟养分管理"核心是氮、品质元素是钾"的特点,提出玉溪烤烟养分管理5个管理分区、5个基肥配方、2个追肥配方。研究表明:玉溪烟田土壤速效养分为中等强度空间变异,拟合模型为指数模型,变异来源于结构性因素和施肥等人为因素;土壤有效磷的变异最大,高于速效钾和碱解氮,与氮肥和钾肥用量相对稳定,而磷肥相对随机等农艺措施相关;超过67%的土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量处于高和极高水平,肥料氮、磷、钾推荐量低于云南省烤烟养分管理平均水平11%左右;提出5个烤烟养分管理分区及相应的基肥和追肥配方,以满足"大配方、小调整"原则,实现分类指导和分区管理。

Spatial variability of soil available nutrients and its application in tobacco growing areas at Yuxi city of Yunnan

To investigate the tobacco field soil nutrient spatial variability and using the spatial variability to guide the partition management,selecting the flue-cured tobacco planting typical area,Yuxi city,Yunnan province as the study area,the technical ideas of "the analysis of the spatial variability of soil nutrients in-spatial distribution-fertilizer recommendation-partitioning formulation" was formed.Based on soil nutrients data in tobacco growing area,using geographic information system (GIS),and geo-statistics method,the variability and spatial distribution of soil alkali hydrolysable nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium of 0 ～ 20 cm tobacco farming layer was studied.Taking township as the management unit,according to the tobacco field soil fertility evaluation and nutrient management index system,the recommendation application amount of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizer was calculated.Using cluster analysis method,combined with the flue-cured tobacco nutrient management which said that the core of the elements is nitrogen and quality element is potassium,the Yuxi flue-cured tobacco nutrient management of five management areas,five fertilizer formula,and two dressing recipes were set up.Research showed that soil available nutrients of tobacco fields in Yuxi showed moderate spatial variability,the fitting model matched with exponential model,sources of variation were from structural factors and factors such as fertilization.The variation of soil available phosphorus was the maximum,which was higher than those of available potassium and available nitrogen,this was resulted from the farmer habit of applying relatively stable amount of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer but not phosphorus.More than 67％ of the soil alkali hydrolysable nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium content were at high or very high level.The recommended amounts of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium were lower than the average amount of Yunnan province tobacco nutrient management by 11％.5 tobacco nutrient management zones and the corresponding base fertilizer and top dressing formula were put forward,in order to guide as different fertilizer and partition management.