美国市民农园生态植被景观营建及其启示

美国市民农园是一个值得借鉴的兼具生产、生态和生活等多功能的植被景观模式,本研究针对市民农园的生态服务功能,依据市民农园结构模式及经营群体的不同,随机选取了洛杉矶市14个市民农园,采用样地调查、半结构式访谈等方法,基于植被物种功能组合和乡土植物组成,定量化研究了城市植被物种多样性及其分布格局对种植者族裔背景及营建模式等影响因素的响应,进而评析对我国城市绿地建设和休闲农业的启示。本研究共计调查到439种植物,分属90科,242属,分析结果显示:市民农园是城市生态系统中重要的物种库,能维护较为丰富的乡土植物资源;其植物功能以食用植物为主,观赏植物、药用植物次之,这在保护族裔传统文化、区域乡土文化具有重要价值;其植被景观结构和功能受到族裔背景及营建模式等不同程度影响。研究证明,市民农园作为生态多样性和文化多样性的交汇景观,是实现城镇绿色基础建设和休闲农业发展的重要营建模式。以此为经验,我国在进行绿地规划和生态植被建设时要考虑不同利益相关者,尤其是关注外来者的生活习俗和选择偏好;同时也要注意监测外来物种,以防造成物种入侵,这对于建设文化强国背景下开展城镇生态植被建设和发展休闲农业具有启示意义。

Eco-vegetation construction of the community gardens in USand its enlightenment to China

Community garden is an popular building-agricultural mode in urban areas that fulfills several functions including healthy food production, social well being and ecological services. This paper investigated ecosystem services of community gardens focusing mainly on plant compositions and sources, community garden contribution to socio-cultural diversity and perceived community garden values in urban ecosystems. A field survey was conducted in a total of 14 community gardens in Los Angeles which selection was based on garden type and racial patterns of the communities. A total of 439 species (belonging to 242 geneses and 90 families) were enlisted in the 14 selected community gardens. The studies suggested that community gardens reflected the potential of urban biodiversity and was a necessary preservation mode of local plant species. Food plants were the dominant functional plant type, which along with ornamental and medicinal plants were representative of community garden structures. The vegetation structure reflected cultural changes such as trans-migrant cultures and local knowledge. Furthermore, both plant species diversity and vegetation structure were related with community garden type and racial patterns. The study showed that community garden was a critical urban biodiversity management strategy and multi-faceted culture conservation. It was a smart model (un)consciously initiated by city dwellers that now fulfils multi-functional services such as scenic vegetation landscape and agro-tourism. The findings of this study constituted a vital reference for planning and constructing community vegetation gardens based on different interest groups, especially the habitudes and interests of new incomers in China. At the same time, it was critical to thoroughly inspect all alien plant species for use in community gardens. The study also shed significant light on the construction of urban vegetation directed towards enhanced ecosystem services and human well-being.