Making trees visible: A GIS method and tool for modelling visibility in the valuation of urban trees |
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| Institution: | 1. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Sognsveien 68, NO-0855 Oslo, Norway;2. Department of Architecture and Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Design, NTNU—Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway;1. The Holden Arboretum, 9500 Sperry Rd., Kirtland, OH 44094, United States;2. Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States;1. University Iuav, Palazzo Badoer, San Polo 2468, Venice, Italy;2. University of Lodz, Faculty of Economics and Sociology, P.O.W. 3/5, 90-255 Łódź, Poland;3. Humboldt University Berlin, Rudower Ch 16, 12489 Berlin, Germany;4. Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany;1. Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium;2. Centre for Environmental and Energy Law, Department of European, Public and International Law, Ghent University, Belgium;3. Quality Assurance Office, Department of Educational Policy, Ghent University, Belgium;4. Research Group Mycology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium;5. Department of Infrastructure and Facility Management, Ghent University, Belgium;1. Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China;2. Research Center of Urban Forest of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100091, China;3. Research Center for Urban Forestry, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;4. State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University;1. State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing 100085, China;2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China |
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| Abstract: | Tree visibility is a key determinant of cultural ecosystem services of urban trees. This paper develops a flexible, efficient and easy-to-use GIS method for modelling individual tree visibility to support tree valuation. The method is implemented as a GRASS GIS AddOn tool called v.viewshed.impact, making it available to a broad spectrum of users and purposes. Thanks to empirically validated underlying algorithms and parallel processing, the method is accurate and fast in analysing high-resolution datasets and large numbers of trees. We demonstrate the method in two use cases in Oslo, Norway, showing that it provides an alternative to field-based assessment of visibility indicators in tree valuation methods and facilitates the inclusion of complex visibility indicators not possible to assess in the field. We argue that the method could also be used for tree management and planning, urban ecosystem accounting and neighbour conflict resolution related to trees. |
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| Keywords: | Cultural ecosystem services GIS Tree valuation Urban trees Visibility analysis |
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