The green quality of urban spatial development: A multi-dimensional and multi-regional model using big data |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Land Management, School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China;2. Department of Urban Development and Management, School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China;1. Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4;2. North Carolina State Extension and Union County Planning Department, 500 N. Main St., Monroe, NC 28112, United States;3. College of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin – Stevens Point, 800 Reserve St., Stevens Point, WI 54481, United States;4. Department of Environmental Science and Studies Department, DePaul University, 1110 West Belden Ave, Chicago, IL 60614, United States;1. University of Connecticut, Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;2. University of Connecticut, Department of Allied Health Sciences, Storrs, CT 06269 USA;1. Department of Biological Sciences (M/C 066), University of Illinois Chicago, 3346 SES, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA;2. Forest Preserve District of DuPage County, 3S580 Naperville Rd, Wheaton, IL 60189, USA;1. Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy;2. DAGRI, University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 18, 50144 Firenze, Italy;3. NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo 90133, Italy;4. ARGANS, 260 Route du Pin Montard, BP 234, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France;5. United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan;6. INCDS, 128 Eroilor Bvd., 077030 Voluntari, Romania;7. Transilvania University, Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, 1, Ludwig van Beethoven Street, Brasov 500123, Romania;8. Value - Laboratory on Green, Health & Wellbeing, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;1. State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an 311300, China;2. Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an 311300, China;3. Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an 311300, China;4. School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an 311300, China;1. Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA;2. Department of Geography, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR, USA;3. Urban Forestry Division, District Department of Transportation, Washington DC, USA |
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| Abstract: | Spatial development involves multi-dimensional and multi-regional objectives that might be competing, while few studies have examined these issues simultaneously. We proposed a comprehensive model to assess the green quality of urban spatial development (GQUSD), focusing on the synergy of multi-dimensional objectives and the balance of multi-regional interests. The metropolitan city of Hangzhou was taken as an example. We included land consumption, vegetation loss and infrastructure cost as the inputs and the density of production and living activities as the outputs of spatial development. We developed a categorical Data Envelope Analysis (DEA) using geospatial big data and stratified optimization to evaluate the synergy of inputs-outputs at the finer level of spatial grids.Resultsshow a “sandwich” structure of the GQUSD in Hangzhou when considering green space and vegetation loss, and characterize four spatial typologies of agglomerated development, limited development, blinded development and low-potential development through the Bivariate Local Indicator of Spatial Association (LISA) analysis. The “sandwich” structure is shaped by spatial processes of socio-economic agglomeration, industrial-driven sprawl, new-town development and suburbanization of high-end sectors. We also find green inequality in the spatial development of Hangzhou where vegetation costs were higher in manufactural industrial sites and low-income communities. We provide urban planning strategies to balance competing interests across regions, objectives, functions and communities for green growth and sustainable goals. |
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| Keywords: | Categorical Data Envelope Analysis (DEA) Green quality of urban spatial development Green inequality Multi-dimensional synergy Multi-regional balance Spatial big data |
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