Revised Contemplative Landscape Model (CLM): A reliable and valid evaluation tool for mental health-promoting urban green spaces |
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| Institution: | 1. NeuroLandscape Foundation, Warsaw, Poland;2. National Parks Board, Centre for Urban Greenery and Ecology, Singapore;3. Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore;1. College of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;2. Jixian National Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station China, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;3. Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100083, China;4. Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China;5. Department of Geography, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;1. Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, the Republic of Korea;2. Department of Landscape Architecture and Rural Systems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, the Republic of Korea;3. Department of Landscape Architecture and Rural Systems Engineering in College of Agriculture and Life Science, Integrated Major in Smart City Global Convergence, Research Institute of Agriculture Life Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, the Republic of Korea;1. Department of Landscape, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China;2. School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China;1. Maastricht Sustainability Institute, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands;2. Department of Environmental Sciences, Open Universiteit, 6401 DL Heerlen, the Netherlands;3. Maastricht University College Venlo, Maastricht University, Nassaustraat 36, 5911 BV Venlo, the Netherlands;4. Terralytics, 6871 XN Renkum, the Netherlands |
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| Abstract: | Due to rapid urbanization and an increase in mental health issues in urban populations, urban green spaces (UGS) design needs to be optimized to meet mental health and well-being promotion goals. However, existing frameworks and tools that aim to address this pressing need are often not adequately validated against health measures. The Contemplative Landscape Model (CLM), developed in 2016, is the first instrument that measures the quality of UGS and informs landscape design with regard to the mental health and well-being of people passively exposed to them. Recent studies with this tool and developments in UGS literature prompted the development and validation of a revised version of CLM presented here. The reliability and validity of CLM were tested with a panel of independent experts and showed better reliability/internal consistency (ω = .893; α = .890) than the original CLM. This time, validity was tested in two ways: (1) against neuropsychological data (electroencephalogram, EEG, and self-reported valence and arousal ratings), acquired during passive exposure to UGS scenes and (2) through factor analysis of experts’ UGS assessments. Validity testing showed that (1) CLM predicts brain activity patterns associated with mindfulness, relaxation, and positive mood, and (2) contemplativeness of landscapes is a valid construct undergird by two parallel factors both predicting beneficial EEG responses. In conclusion, CLM is an effective and robust instrument for assessing the visual quality of UGS predictive of mental health and well-being benefits in urban residents. |
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| Keywords: | Contemplative Landscape Mental-health Urban Greenspace Well-being |
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