Effects of lanthanum on growth,element uptake,and oxidative stress in rice seedlings

We assessed the effects of increasing amounts of lanthanum (La) in solution on growth, nutrient metal accumulation, and the expression of oxidative stress in rice seedlings. The La concentration in shoots increased with La³⁺ supply and differentially affected the uptake of nutrient elements. Hormetic effects were observed on seed germination and biomass accumulation with increasing trends up to 0.1 mM La³⁺. Higher La concentrations were associated with an increase in malondialdehyde and H₂O₂ and a decline in chlorophyll, soluble proteins, and photosynthetic activity. We conclude that La supply at low rates may be beneficial to rice, while at higher rates, La induces oxidative stress.