杏品种授粉生物学研究

以红丰、新世纪等11个杏品种及特新一号等4个新品系为试材,对自交与杂交亲和性、花粉管形态及花粉、花柱氨基酸组分进行了研究,旨在为杏生产和进一步研究提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)按照白花授粉坐果率≥6％为自交亲和这个标准,红丰、新世纪等10个品种为自交不亲和品种(SI),而特新一号等4个新品系是自交亲和的(SC);(2)选自同一杂交组合不同姊妹系的红丰与新世纪杏品种相互授粉坐果率仅为0~0.73％,属于杂交不亲和;(3)不同品种间相互授粉的坐果率差异很大,据此筛选出特早红、红玉杏及凯特等品种是红丰杏适宜的授粉品种;而新世纪用骆驼黄及金太阳等品种授粉的坐果率最高;(4)自交不亲和组合在授粉后72 h花粉管到达花柱3／4处,末端膨大,停止生长,而自交亲和组合的花粉管可以继续生长,并在授粉后96 h进入子房;(5)自交不亲和品种(系)与自交亲和品种(系)花粉的17种氨基酸含量并无显著差异,而花柱氨基酸的组分与花粉氨基酸组分有所不同,其中自交不亲和品种(系)酪氨酸、苏氨酸、甲硫氨酸和精氨酸含量明显高于自交亲和品种(系),差异显著或极显著。

Studies on the Pollination Biology of Apricot Cultivars

The self and cross compatibility among 11 apricot cultivars and 4 new lines and their pollen tube morphology and amino acids contents between stigma and pollen were studied. The results showed that: (1) According to the standard that self-pollinating fruit set of self-compatibility was higher than 6% , 10 apricot cultivars, including Hongfeng, Xinshiji were SI ,while 4 new lines, including Texin No. 1 were SC; (2)The mutual pollination set percentage was only from 0 to 0.73% between sibling lines Hongfeng and Xinshiji, which belongs to cross incompatibility; (3)There were bigger differences in fruit set of some apricot mutual pollination. The appropriate pollinizers for Hongfeng apricot cultivar were Tezaohong, Hongyu and Katy cultivars, etc. while for Xinshiji were Luotuohuang and Jintaiyang, etc; (4)When pollinated after 72 h, the pollen tube of incompatible apricots reached the 3/4 location away from ovary and their tube bottom were swelled and stopped growth,while the tube of compatible cultivars could still grow and reached the ovary when pollinated after 96 h. (5) There were no great significant pollen difference between compatible and incompatible apricot cultivars (lines), but little difference in amino acids contents between stigma and pollen. The incompatible apricot cultivars had a relatively higher contents in tyrosine, threonine, methionine and arginine and the difference were significant.