不同栽培模式对中小型土壤动物多样性的影响

土壤动物是土壤中重要的生物群落，在分解凋落物、土壤有机质以及维护生态系统平衡等方面中扮演重要角色。为了研究不同栽培模式下中小型土壤动物多样性特征，探究有利于中小型土壤动物的种植方式，本文研究了有机与常规栽培、大棚与露天、茄果与叶菜等不同栽培模式对中小型土壤动物种群数量、组成和多样性等特征的影响。结果表明：1）利用Tullgren法在18个样地共获得中小型土壤动物3 869只，隶属于2门14目30科（亚目）。辐螨亚目、甲螨亚目以及等节跳科构成了研究区土壤动物的主要部分。2）露天条件下，有机栽培使5~10 cm和10~15 cm土层中小型土壤动物数量显著高于常规栽培；但大棚条件下，有机栽培使0~5 cm和5~10 cm土层中小型土壤动物数量显著低于常规栽培。3）有机栽培下，大棚内0~5 cm和10~15 cm土层中小型土壤动物数量显著低于露天，且棚内10~15 cm层中小型土壤动物丰富度显著高于常规栽培；而常规栽培下，大棚内5~10 cm土层中小型土壤动物数量著高于露天。无论有机和常规栽培，棚内0~5 cm层中小型土壤动物Shannon-Weiner多样性高于露天。4）有机栽培使叶菜作物10~15 cm土层中小型土壤动物数量显著低于常规栽培，且0~5 cm土层中小型土壤动物均匀度指数显著高于常规栽培；常规栽培使叶菜作物0~5 cm和5~10 cm土层中小型土壤动物数量显著高于茄果作物。因此，在设施条件下采用有机栽培和管理，且利用作物轮作可能更有利于土壤动物群落数量和多样性的增加。

Effects of different cultivation facilities on the diversity of soil meso-and micro-fauna

Organic agriculture, which has become increasingly popular in recent years and is widely used in greenhouse facilities, is generally believed to be more conducive to agro-ecosystems than conventional agriculture. The soil fauna is a significant biological indicator of the soil environment. An understanding of the differences in the community structure and diversity of the soil fauna under different facility management regimens is necessary. However, little is known about the effects of both organic and conventional agricultural systems on the diversity of soil meso-and micro-fauna. To investigate the effects of organic facility cultivation on the diversity and community structure of soil meso-and micro-fauna, the fauna of soils under 6 treatments (organic and conventional cropping patterns of leafy and solanaceous vegetables in greenhouse, organic and conventional cropping patterns in open air) in the Shunyi District of Beijing in June 2016 was studied. Fauna from the 0-15 cm soil layer was extracted by the modified Tullgren method. In total, there were 3 869 soil meso-and micro-fauna in the 18 sample plots, belonging to 30 families, 14 orders 14, 2 taxa (suborders). The results were as follows:1) the orders such as Actinedida, Oribatida, and Onychiuridae were in the largest quantities and were the most widely distributed in the study area, where Acarina, Rhabditidae, and Collembola constituted the main taxa of the soil meso-and micro-fauna. 2) In the open air, the numbers of soil meso-and micro-fauna in the 5-10 cm and 10-15 cm layers under organic cultivation were higher than those under conventional cultivation. In the greenhouse, the numbers of soil meso-and micro-fauna in the 0-5 cm and 5-10 cm layers under organic cultivation were significantly lower than those under conventional cultivation. 3) Under organic cultivation, the numbers of soil meso-and micro-fauna in the 0-5 cm and 10-15 cm layers in the greenhouse were significantly lower than those in the open air, and the Menhinick''s abundance index of soil meso-and micro-fauna in the 10-15 cm layer in the greenhouse was higher than that in conventional cultivation. Under conventional cultivation, the number of soil meso-and micro-fauna in the 5-10 cm layer in the greenhouse was significantly higher than that in the open air. The Shannon-Weiner diversity index of soil meso-and micro-fauna in the 0-5 cm layer was higher in the greenhouse than in the open air under both organic and conventional cultivation. 4) Under organic cultivation, the number of soil meso-and micro-fauna in the 10-15 cm layer was lower than that under conventional cultivation, and the Pielou''s evenness indices of soil meso-and micro-fauna in the 0-5 cm layer were higher than those under conventional cultivation when leafy vegetables were cultivated. Under the conventional cultivation of leafy vegetables, there were more meso-and micro-fauna in the 0-5 cm and 5-10 cm soil layers than in those of solanaceous vegetable cultivation. Therefore, organic cultivation and management in the greenhouse, and the effective use of crop rotation system can facilitate the restoration of soil fauna communities.