中国不同年代主推玉米品种品质性状的变化趋势

【目的】以中国20世纪50年代以来各时期生产上大面积应用的主要推广品种为材料，研究中国玉米主推品种籽粒品质性状的变化趋势，以期为未来的优质玉米品种选育提供参考。【方法】选取1950-2000年代各时期生产上大面积推广的品种共35个，种植在中国农业科学院作物科学研究所顺义试验基地，随机区组设计，每个品种种植5行，3次重复，选中间2行收获，收获后考察每小区籽粒产量、容重，利用近红外光谱分析仪测定籽粒中淀粉、蛋白质与脂肪的含量。对所有品种的品质性状、产量进行方差分析，同时对品质性状与产量间的相关性进行分析。根据每个年代的各品质性状、产量的平均值进行回归分析，研究品质性状与产量随年代的变化趋势。【结果】年代内，玉米品种淀粉含量、蛋白质含量与容重的变异系数均在10%以下，脂肪含量的变异系数在9.54%-18.74%，产量的变异系数为4.53%-33.33%，表明每个年代内不同品种的淀粉含量、蛋白质含量、容重差异较小，脂肪含量与产量变异幅度较大。年代间的产量呈极显著差异，淀粉含量、蛋白质含量和容重在年代间的差异也呈极显著水平，但脂肪含量差异不显著。1950-2000年代主推玉米品种的产量随着年代变化呈逐渐上升趋势，平均每10年上升871 kg•hm-2；淀粉含量随着年代变化总体呈上升的趋势，平均每10年上升0.25%；蛋白质含量随年代变化呈逐渐下降趋势，平均每10年下降0.31%；容重随年代变化总体呈上升趋势，平均每10年上升5.97 g•L-1。淀粉含量与产量呈显著正相关（r=0.493），蛋白质含量与产量呈显著负相关（r=-0.678）。由以上说明，1950-2000年代玉米主推品种淀粉含量的上升，蛋白质含量的下降与产量的提高具有相关性。【结论】1950-2000年代主推玉米品种的产量得到大幅度提高，淀粉含量与容重有所提高，蛋白质含量稍有下降趋势，脂肪含量没有显著变化。

The Trend of Quality Traits of Maize Varieties Released Extensively in Different Eras in China

【Objective】 The experiment materials were the varieties released from 1950 with large area application in the production. The trend of quality traits of maize varieties released extensively in different eras in China was studied. The result will be useful for guiding the genetic improvement of quality traits of maize.【Method】Thirty-five cultivars extended in 1950-2000 at large scale were selected. All the varieties were planted in the Shunyi experimental field of Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Each cultivar was sowed for 5 rows, 3 replications, randomized block design. Two rows in the middle of each plot were reaped. The grain yield and the volume-weight were observed after harvest. The contents of starch, protein and fat of seeds were measured, respectively, with near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). ANOVA analysis was made for the quality traits and grain yield. The correlation between the quality traits and grain yield was analyzed. Base on the regression analysis on the mean value of quality traits and yield, the trend of them was studied. 【Result】 Within each decade, the coefficient of variance (CV) was below 10% for the contents of starch and protein and the volume-weight of seed. But the coefficient of variance (CV) was 9.54%-18.74% for the content of fat of seed and 4.53%-33.33% for the grain yield. It meant that the variance range within each decade was small for the content of starch, protein and the volume-weight of seed, but large for the content of fat of seed and the grain yield. The difference of the grain yield between decades was significant, the same as the contents of starch, protein and the volume-weight of seed. The difference in content of fat of seed was not significant. The grain yield of the maize cultivars released extensively increased gradually from 1950 to 2000, average 871 kg•hm-2 per ten years. The content of starch of seed increased generally with the decades, 0.25% per ten years in average. But the content of protein of seed decreased gradually with the decades, 0.31% per ten years in average. The volume-weight also increased generally with the decades, 5.97g•L-1 per ten years in average. The relationship between the content of starch of seed and the grain yield was significantly positive correlation (r=0.493). But the relationship between the content of protein of seed and the grain yield was significantly negative correlation (r=-0.678). It showed that the increase of the starch content and the decrease of the protein content of seeds from 1950 to 2000 was related to the improvement of yield.【conclusion】The grain yield of the maize varieties released extensively was improved greatly from 1950 to 2000. The content of starch and the volume-weight of seed were improved, but the content of protein of seed decreased. The fat content of seed had no obvious changes.