食用植物性农产品质量安全研究进展

目前，威胁食用植物性农产品质量安全的主要污染物为农药残留、生物毒素和重金属等。从这些污染物检测技术看，在样品前处理技术、确证检测技术和快速检测技术3个方面均取得了显著进展。样品前处理技术建立并改进了固相萃取、固相微萃取、超临界流体萃取、基质固相分散萃取和微波辅助萃取技术等，其中免疫亲和吸附技术和QuEChERS（Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe）技术得到了快速发展和越来越广泛的应用；确证检测技术特别是色谱-质谱联用技术，因其具有灵敏、准确、可靠等优点，特别适合用作实验室仲裁检测，得到了快速发展和应用，并已列入农产品中农药残留、生物毒素等污染物测定方法标准中；农产品污染物快速检测技术方面，中国逐步实现从技术源头创新到终端产品创制的全程创新，研制出多种类、满足不同层次需求的产品，原理上既有酶抑制法，又有免疫分析法和无损检测法，形式上既有各种试剂盒、免疫亲和柱，又有各类免疫层析试纸条，为现场筛查、定性或定量测定提供了可供选择的技术方法，与大型仪器方法形成互补。从农产品污染物风险评估研究进展看，中国农产品质量安全风险评估体系建设成效显著，建成了以国家农产品质量安全风险评估机构为龙头、专业性和区域性风险评估实验室为主体、各主产区实验站为基础、生产基地观测点为延伸的具有中国特色的农产品质量安全风险评估体系，并根据6大类危害因子，提出了4大类风险评估类型，明确了各类风险评估的性质特征和评估程序，初步建立了包括农药残留、生物毒素、重金属、外源添加物等在内的农产品质量安全风险评估技术框架体系，研究开发出各类危害因子识别技术、风险评估专用软件等技术产品。从农产品污染控制研究看，农药残留、生物毒素和重金属等污染途径、规律、机制等被逐步解析，提出了一系列污染防控技术，包括污染源头控制技术、过程控制技术、消减技术等。当前存在的突出问题包括：1）农产品质量安全检测技术研究原始创新有待加强，尤其是不同种类混合污染物同步测定技术；2）风险评估研究起步晚，能力弱，社会需求迫切，基础数据不足；3）农产品危害因子污染控制基础研究薄弱，对污染发生、迁移、转化规律与机制缺少系统研究，关键控制点仍不明确，缺乏污染早期预警与防控技术。随着对食用植物性农产品质量安全研究的深入，危害因子检测技术自主创新性将会不断加强，技术方法与产品系列化将满足不同场所和层次对检测需求；通过加强对危害因子发生规律、营养品质形成与控制机理的研究，农产品风险预警与污染防控技术将得到快速发展和应用；农产品质量安全风险评估将成为农产品质量安全监管不可或缺的重要技术性、基础性工作，相关研究将成为热点，并在实现农产品质量安全多因子全过程科学管理、依法监督中发挥越来越重要的作用。

A Review of Studies on Quality and Safety of EdibleVegetable Agro-Products

Contaminants threating the quality and safety of edible vegetable agri-food are mainly pesticide residues, biotoxins and heavy metal ions. In field of the detection technologies for the pollutants in agri-foods, some obvious progresses in sample pretreatment techniques, confirmed detection technologies and rapid detection technologies have been made. Sample pretreatment techniques have been developed and improved, including solid phase extraction, solid phase micro extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, matrix solid phase dispersion extraction and microwave assisted extraction technology and so on. Both technologies of immunoaffinity adsorption and QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and, Safe) have been quickly developed and widely applied. Confirmatory testing technologies, particularly chromatography-mass spectrometry, have been modified to improve the standard methods for determination of pesticide residues, biotoxin contamination in agricultural products in China, and the chromatographic mass spectrometry detection technology has been in rapid development and application, because it is sensitive, accurate, and reliable, especially suitable for being used as a laboratory arbitration detection. Rapid detection technologies have also been gradually set up from original innovation to terminal product creations. And a series of techniques and products such as various kits, immunoaffinity column, immunochromatographic strips and so on based on enzyme inhibition, immunoassay and non-destructive methods have been developed. Therefore, a multi-level technological options were provided for the determination of qualitative or quantitative analysis, as complements to advanced instrument method. In the field of risk assessment of contaminants in agri-foods, remarkable progress has been made in the construction of agricultural product quality and safety risk assessment system in the last three years. The system comprises of National Agri-food Safety Risk Assessment Agency as the leading organization,professional RAL (risk assessment laboratory) for the specific agri-foods and regional RAL for local agri-foods as the main body, experimental stations as the basis and observation spots in the main production area as the extension has been established. Four types of risk assessment have been proposed for six kinds of hazard with definite characteristics and procedure of each type. The technical system such as hazards identification technologies and data processing, has been preliminarily built for pesticide residues, biotoxins, heavy metal ions, exogenous additives and so on. Seeing from the studies on the control of contaminants in agri-foods, some rules or mechanism of contamination have been being gradually discovered and prevention and control techniques such as processing control technology, reducing and cutting technology have been proposed. The current main problems conclude: 1) the original innovation on the detection of agri-foods quality and safety needs to be strengthened further, especially the simultaneous determination technology for different pollutants and even different classes of contaminants; 2) late starting risk assessment researches and the urgent demand with lack of basic data; 3) weakness in basic research, lack of awareness of pollution mechanism, unclear of the critical control points and shortage of early warning technology. With the researches on edible agri-food quality and safety furtherer and furtherer, self-reliance innovation of hazard detection technology will continuously be strengthened, and the technical methods and series of corresponding analysis products will gradually meet the various testing demands. Through the research on the occurrence of hazard, the formation of nutritional quality and control mechanism, there will be a rapid development in early risk warning and contamination control techniques. Agricultural products quality and safety risk assessment will be an indispensable technical and basic work in agricultural products quality and safety supervision, and the related research will be a hot issue. The risk assessment system will play more and more important roles in the whole process control, management and official supervision of multiple contaminants influencing on agricultural products quality and safety from field to table.