Evaluation of the clinical presentation and histologic lesions of hepatic copper accumulation in sugar gliders (Petaurus breviceps) |
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| Institution: | 1. Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA;2. University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA;3. Northwest ZooPath, Monroe, WA, USA;1. Small Animal Clinic, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany;2. Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany;1. The Center for Bird and Exotic Animal Medicine, WA 98011, USA.;2. Bridge Animal Referral Center, WA, USA;3. Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany;4. Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria;5. Michigan State University, Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, East Lansing, MI, USA;6. Michigan State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lansing, MI, USA;7. ZNLabs, Salt Lake City, UT, USA;1. School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil;2. Anesthesiology Laboratory (LIM08), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil |
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| Abstract: | Hepatic toxicosis caused by copper accumulation has been reported in most domestic species, as well as multiple small exotic mammals, including ferrets, fruit bats, and sugar gliders. The purpose of this study was to determine the signalments, clinical presentations, and histologic findings associated with hepatic copper accumulation in sugar gliders based on post-mortem histologic findings and retrospective analysis of reported antemortem clinical signs. Sugar gliders with histologic evidence of various hepatopathies were identified within the Northwest ZooPath archive. Sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded hepatic samples were stained for copper, and copper deposition was graded semiquantitatively. The prevalence of copper accumulation in the evaluated hepatopathies was 28%. Copper deposition was seen in all individuals with icterus and non-ataxia neurologic signs. Grossly, individuals with hepatic masses and nodules were 5.50 times more likely to have hepatic copper accumulation. Sugar gliders with biliary hyperplasia were 16.20 times more likely to have copper accumulation while all individuals with cholestasis had hepatic copper accumulation. The results of this study indicate that hepatic copper accumulation is frequently identified in post-mortem evaluation of sugar gliders with hepatopathy. Copper accumulation is frequently noted in individuals with icterus, neurologic abnormalities, hepatic masses, biliary hyperplasia, and cholestasis. This study details the prevalence of hepatic copper accumulation in sugar gliders and illustrates associations between copper hepatotoxicosis and other hepatic diseases. |
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