氮、硫配施对冬小麦氮素利用效率及产量的影响

【目的】氮(N)、硫(S)是生物所必需的营养物质,对小麦籽粒产量和品质起着重要作用。硫素供应不足,特别是在当前大量氮素供应情况下引起的作物生理性缺硫将导致作物产量和含硫氨基酸蛋白质含量下降。本文旨在探索氮、硫配施对冬小麦氮素利用效率和籽粒产量的促进效果并提出合理的区域氮、硫施肥技术。【方法】20122013年,在河南温县以国审冬小麦品种豫麦49-198为供试材料,进行大田试验。设置不同施氮量0、120、180、240和360 kg/hm2(分别以N0、N120、N180、N240和N360表示)和施硫0和60 kg/hm2(S0和S60)试验,调查氮、硫对冬小麦干物质积累、氮素积累分配、籽粒产量和氮素利用效率的影响。【结果】对冬小麦生育后期干物质积累分析表明,干物质积累随施氮量增多而提高,相同施氮量条件下施硫较不施硫小麦干物质积累量显著提高,其中成熟期干物质积累量N180S60、N240S60和N360S60分别较N180S0、N240S0和N360S0提高2225、3607和3120 kg/hm2,而且氮素低的处理添加硫后干物质积累量高于氮素高不加硫处理,如N180S60N240S0、N240S60N360S0,处理间差异均达显著水平。随施氮量增多,冬小麦植株氮素积累总量增加,在N 240和360 kg/hm2水平,硫素供应显著增加小麦植株氮素积累。不同施氮量条件下施硫较不施硫均显著提高了小麦籽粒产量,分别提高了10.5%、18.3%、5.2%、5.6%和4.9%。随施氮量增多,氮肥偏生产力下降,氮回收效率、生理效率和农学效率则均以N 180达最高值。不同施氮水平下,施硫均显著提高了冬小麦氮素回收效率,但对氮生理效率影响不显著,其中在施N量为120、180和240kg/hm2时,施硫较不施硫氮肥偏生产力和农学效率均显著提高。【结论】在当前小麦生产中,采用控氮或减氮增硫技术措施,可实现小麦氮利用效率和籽粒产量的同步提高。在本试验地区小麦生产中,达到冬小麦稳产高效或增产高效的适宜施氮量为180 240 kg/hm2配合60 kg/hm2硫肥施用。

Effects of nitrogen and sulfur combined application on nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield of winter wheat

【Objectives】 Nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) are essential nutrients required for all living organism, which play important role in grain yield and quality of wheat. Insufficient S, especially physiological deficiency S caused by large amounts of N supply, will result in decreased grain yield and diminished S amino acid content of the grain protein. This paper aims to compare the effects of different N and S combined application on the N use efficiency and grain yield of winter wheat and to give some reasonable advices about N and S fertilization technology in the North China Plain. 【Methods】 A wheat cultivar, Yumai49-198, was used as test material. Field experiments were conducted with five N levels of 0, 120, 180, 240 and 360 kg/ha (recorded as N₀, N₁₂₀, N₁₈₀, N₂₄₀, N₃₆₀) and two S levels of 0 and 60 kg/ha (S₀, S₆₀) during wheat growth seasons. The dry matter accumulation (DMA), N accumulation and distribution, and grain yield formation were measured in 2012-2013 at Wenxian County in Henan Province, China.【Results】 The DMA at late growth stages is increased with the increase of N application rate. Under the same N application rates, S application could significantly increase DMA of winter wheat compared with no S application, in which at maturity stage the DMA of N₁₈₀S₆₀, N₂₄₀S₆₀ and N₃₆₀S₆₀ compared with N₁₈₀S₀, N₂₄₀S₀ and N₃₆₀S₀ increased 2225, 3607 and 3120 kg/ha, respectively, showing the order of N₁₈₀S₆₀ > N₂₄₀S₀, N₂₄₀S₆₀ > N₃₆₀S₀, and the differences all reach significant level. The total N accumulation in wheat plant also increased with the increase of N application rate, the S application could significantly increase the accumulation under higher N application rates (240 and 360 kg/ha). Compared with no S application, S application at five N application levels could also increase the grain yield by 10.5%, 18.3%, 5.2%, 5.6% and 4.9%, respectively. N partial factor productivity gradually declined with the increase of N application rates, N recovery efficiency, agronomic efficiency and physiological efficiency are all the highest in the N₁₈₀ treatment, and combined with S application could further significantly increase the N recovery efficiencies, and the increases in agronomic efficiency and N partial factor productivity are significant at N application rates of 120, 180 and 240 kg/ha. 【Conclusions】Comprehensively considering grain yield and N use efficiency in the current wheat production of North China, we conclude that combined N and S fertilization is effective technology for achieving simultaneously high grain yield and N use efficiency of winter wheat. N of 180-240 kg/ha combined with S of 60 kg/ha are recommended to obtain stable and high yield and high efficiency of winter wheat in the tested area.