7种豆科作物的光合作用和养分富集特征

以7种豆科绿肥作物(绿豆、小豆、乌豇豆、大猪屎豆、合萌、望江南、决明)为材料,采用大田种植和盆栽种植法,记载7种作物的生长发育特征,测定其根瘤量、产量和干物质积累效率,测定各作物在盛花期的光合特征参数和氮、磷、钾、铁、锌养分含量,筛选适宜安徽及周边地区种植的高产高效良种。结果表明:供试材料均属半灌木状草本,茎秆直立,呈圆形、多棱角或纵向小沟纹;根属直根系,主根不发达;合萌为偶数羽状复叶,望江南为偶数长椭圆形叶,大猪屎豆和决明为倒披针状叶,其他为披针状叶;大猪屎豆叶互生,其他叶对生;总状花序,浅黄色蝶形花;除大猪屎豆小花有20~30朵,无限结荚,其他供试作物的小花数有10~15朵,有限结荚;各种豆科作物的根瘤量占地下部总质量的17.5%~32.5%;乌豇豆叶片光合效率和干物质积累效率最高,分别为23.1μmol/(m~2·s)和57.0 kg/(hm~2·d);望江南鲜草、干草和种子的产量最高,分别为22 248、5 028、2 366 kg/hm~2;固氮和富集磷、铁能力最强的是望江南,而富集钾能力最强的是大猪屎豆,富集锌能力最强的是合萌。从光合效率、产量、养分富集能力等方面综合考虑,初步认为乌豇豆、望江南、大猪屎豆和合萌4种豆科作物适宜在安徽种植推广。

Character of photosynthesis and nutrient enrichment of seven Legume species

Seven legume species(Vigna radiate(VR), Vigna umbellatebn(VU),Vigna cylindricaSkeels(VCS),Crotalaria assamica(CA),Aeschynomene indica(AI),Senna occidentalis(SO),Cassia tora (CT)) were cultivated in fields and in pots and their growing characters, yields, efficiency of dry matter accumulation were recorded. Photosynthetic characteristic parameters of leaves, weight of root nodule, content of nutrients such as N, P, K, Fe and Zn in the plants were measured in the full bloom stage. The results showed that although the germplasms are taproot systems, the lateral roots are developed and have more nodule. The weight of root nodules were 17.5%–32.5% of the underground part. AI has even pinnately compound leaves and SO are even long oval. The leaves of CA and CT are inverted lanceolate, and the other germplasms have lanceolate leaves . The leaves of CA are alternate and those of the other germplasms are opposite. All legume species have racemes and light yellow butterfly flowers. CA has infinite podding and the others have limited podding. VCS had the highest efficiency on photosynthetic (23.1μmol/(m2·s)) and dry matter accumulation (57.0 kg/(hm2·d)). SO had the highest on seed yield, the weight of fresh and dry plant, capacity of accumulating nutrients such as N, P and Fe. However, CA had the greatest on capacity of K enrichment. AI had the highest on capacity of Zn enrichment. In comprehensive consideration of photosynthetic efficiency, yield, capacity of enriching nutrients and growth stage, four germplasms were optimum for Anhui area. They were VCS, SO, CAandAI.