Evaluation of Passive Sampling Devices as Potential Surrogates of Perchlorate Uptake into Soybean

On the coastal plains of Finland there are approximately 3,000 km² of acid sulfate soils developed as a result of intensive agricultural drainage of waterlogged sulfide-bearing sediments. The runoff from these soils contains very high amounts of acidity and metals that have severely deteriorated the aquaculture in several downstream rivers and estuaries. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop and test more environmental friendly ways of draining landscapes underlain with these nasty soils. In this study, over a 3-year monitoring period the effect of excess surface liming, controlled drainage and lime filter drainage of acid sulfate soils on runoff water quality (pH, sulfate, metals) was determined and assessed. The results showed that (1) the liming measures had not prevented severely acidic and metal-rich waters from forming and discharging from the soils, (2) the controlled drainage system might have reduced discharge peaks but its potential effects on the discharged water quality were nondetectable due to its small effect on the groundwater level and naturally inherited heterogeneities, and (3) the spatial and temporal variations identified for the various hydrochemical determinants were not caused by the kind of treatment applied. Therefore, on acid sulfate soil fields, like the one studied here, the short-term hydrochemical effects of the treatments tested are minor (or nonexistent) at least as long as the controlled drainage systems are not technically improved or better maintained.