典型养鸡场及其周边土壤中抗生素的污染特征和风险评估

为了解畜禽养殖场中抗生素污染特征和生态风险,选取天津市5家典型规模化养鸡场,分别采集新鲜鸡粪、周边近土,及远离养鸡场的对照远土,用UPLC-MS/MS法检测分析5类兽用抗生素[磺胺类(SAs)、四环素类(TCs)、喹诺酮类(QLs)、大环内酯类(MAs)、β-内酰胺类(β-lactams)]的污染现状,利用风险商值(RQ)法对养鸡场周边土壤环境中的抗生素污染进行生态风险评价,并提出消减典型兽用抗生素的对策。结果表明:天津市5家典型养鸡场新鲜鸡粪样中∑SAs、∑TCs、∑QLs、∑MAs、∑β-lactams的均值分别为4.11、143.34、90.46、258.14μg·kg^-1和4.06μg·kg^-1,养鸡场周边近土及对照远土的土壤样品中∑SAs、∑TCs、∑QLs、∑MAs、∑β-lactams检出浓度范围分别为3.15~8.51、9.92~133.95、2.48~13.72、0.03~2.33、0.01~0.40μg·kg^-1;环境因子与抗生素浓度的冗余分析结果显示,TP、pH及TN对土壤样品中抗生素浓度的影响较大,占抗生素浓度差异性总解释方差的56.35%;生态风险评价结果表明,养鸡场土壤样品中磺胺嘧啶(SD)、磺胺甲恶唑(SMX)生态风险最高,全部表现为高风险。总体上,养鸡场周边近土RQ值高于对照远土的RQ值;RQ差值表明,养鸡场a、b周边近土中4大类抗生素均存在较高的生态风险。因此,养殖场及其周边土壤中抗生素污染应从源头控制使用,在畜禽粪便污染过程中寻找抗生素消减关键技术,降低抗生素的生态风险。

Occurrence and risk assessment of antibiotics in typical chicken farms and surrounding soils

In order to understand the occurrence and ecological risks of antibiotics in livestock and poultry farms, five typical large-scale chicken farms in Tianjin were selected to collect fresh chicken manure, nearby soil, and clean control soil away from the chicken farms.The occurrence of five types of veterinary antibiotics[sulfonamides(SAs), tetracyclines(TCs), quinolones(QLs), macrolides(MAs), and β-lactams(β-lactams)] was detected and analyzed using the UPLC-MS/MS method. The risk quotient(RQ)method was used to evaluate the ecological risk of antibiotics pollution in the soil environment around the chicken farm, and countermeasures for reducing the typical veterinary antibiotics were proposed. The results showed that the average values of ∑SAs, ∑TCs, ∑QLs, ∑MAs, and ∑β-lactams in fresh chicken manure samples of five typical chicken farms in Tianjin were 4.11, 143.34, 90.46, 258.14, and 4.06 μg·kg^-1, respectively. The detected concentrations of ∑SAs, ∑TCs, ∑QLs, ∑MAs, and ∑β-lactams in soil samples surrounding the chicken farm and control soil samples far from the chicken farm were 3.15~8.51, 9.92~133.95, 2.48~13.72, 0.03~2.33, and 0.01~0.40 μg·kg^-1, respectively. The redundancy analysis showed that TP, pH, and TN had a significant influence on the concentration of antibiotics in the soil samples, and accounted for 56.35% of the total explanatory variance of the antibiotic concentration differences. The results of the ecological risk assessment showed that sulfadiazine and sulfamethoxazole had the highest ecological risks in the soil surrounding the chicken farm, all of which showed high risk. In general, the RQ value of the soil surrounding the chicken farm was higher than that of the control soils far from the chicken farm. The difference in the RQ showed that there were high ecological risks of the four types of antibiotics near the soil of chicken farms a and b. Therefore, the antibiotics pollution in the farm and its surrounding soil should be controlled from the source, and key technologies for antibiotics reduction should be determined in the process of livestock manure pollution to reduce the ecological risk of antibiotics.