黑龙江垦区农户水稻管理现状与对策分析

利用七星农场2009年的农户调查,分析黑龙江垦区水稻单产增加缓慢、养分利用效率较低的原因,制定相应对策。结果表明:育秧过程中,农户存在的主要问题是播量过大,80%农户干籽播量超过115 g/盘;插秧密度过小,50%农户平米穴数不足26,难以获得足够的穗数,限制产量提高;化肥施用量变幅大,施肥过量与不足并存,氮肥施用量在48～209 kg/hm2,20%超过120 kg/hm2、20%不足80 kg/hm2;磷肥施用量在30～200 kg/hm2,80%超过40 kg/hm2;钾肥施用量在7～132kg/hm2,30%超过60 kg/hm2、30%不足40 kg/hm2。穗肥施用不合理,仅50%施穗肥。水分管理不合理,36%农户无晒田意识。提高水稻产量和养分利用效率的主要技术对策是调密保穗,氮素总量控制、分期调控,控水防衰。

Current Rice Management Practices of Farmers in Heilongjiang Land Reclamation Area and Improvement Strategies

Using the household survey of Qixing Farm in 2009 to analyse slow yield-increasing of rice and low nutrention using efficiency and to make corresponding improvements to achieve high yield and high efficiency management goal,the results are shown as follows.About 80% of surveyed farmers planted over 115 g dry seeds plate-1 and 50% farmers transplanted less than 26 hills per square meter.The range of N,P2O5,K2O application rates were large.Nitrogen rate varied from 48 to 209 kg/hm2,with 20% over 120 kg/hm2 and 20% under 80 kg/hm2.Phosohous rate varied from 30 to 200 kg/hm2,with 80% over 40 kg/hm2.Potassium rate varied from 7 to 132 kg/hm2,with 30% over 60 kg/hm2 and 30% under 40 kg/hm2.Only 50% of the farmers applied fertilizer at panicle initiation stage,with N and K2O application rate being 6% and 20% of total N and K2O fertilizers respectively.36% of the farmers did not know they should control irrigation.The main technical stratigies to obtain high yield and nutrention using efficiency include adjusting density to increase panicles,total amount control and stage regulation fertizilation strategy of Nitrogen and controlling irrigation to prevent senescence.