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陕北山地苹果树形改造研究
引用本文:白岗栓,杜社妮,王建平. 陕北山地苹果树形改造研究[J]. 中国农业大学学报, 2021, 26(12): 54-66
作者姓名:白岗栓  杜社妮  王建平
作者单位:西北农林科技大学 水土保持研究所, 陕西 杨凌 712100; 中国科学院 水利部 水土保持研究所, 陕西 杨凌 712100;宝塔区河庄坪镇果业技术服务站, 陕西 延安 716000
基金项目:国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFC0501602);延安山仑院士工作站科研项目(20181201)
摘    要:为促进陕北丘陵沟壑区山地苹果的优质高效生产,本研究将传统稀植果园中主要采用的主干疏层形改造为小冠疏层形、纺锤形或圆柱形、高干开心形和开心形,测定不同树形的树冠透光率、树冠大小、一年生枝和结果枝的数量及组成比例、果实产量和品质等指标,并估算其产值。结果表明:与对照主干疏层形相比,高干开心形和开心形的树冠大而扁,树冠透光率较高。开心形的叶丛枝和短枝占全树枝条的61.21%,树势中庸偏上;主干疏层形、小冠疏层形和高干开心形的叶丛枝和短枝占全树枝条的70.00%以上,树势较弱。开心形的短果枝占结果枝的60.68%,中果枝占28.67%,利于连年优质丰产;主干疏层形的短果枝占结果枝的85.00%,中果枝仅占8.79%,易形成隔年结果。不同树形的果实产量以主干疏层形的最高,其次为开心形;果实品质、均匀度和价格均以开心形的最高,主干疏层形的最低;经济产值以开心形的最高,其次为主干疏层形,高干开心形的最低。综上,建议将陕北丘陵沟壑区山地稀植苹果园的主干疏层形改造为开心形。

关 键 词:山地苹果;树形改造;树冠透光率;枝条数量及组成比例;经济产值
收稿时间:2021-03-10

Study on the canopy transformation of mountain apple in northern Shaanxi
BAI Gangshuan,DU Sheni,WANG Jianping. Study on the canopy transformation of mountain apple in northern Shaanxi[J]. Journal of China Agricultural University, 2021, 26(12): 54-66
Authors:BAI Gangshuan  DU Sheni  WANG Jianping
Affiliation:Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China; Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, China; Fruit Industry Technology Service Station of Hezhuangping Town, Baota District, Yan''an 716000, China
Abstract:In order to promote mountain apple quality and efficient production in the hilly-gully region of northern Shaanxi, the trunk and dispersal-stratified canopy used in traditional sparse planting orchard were transformed into small and sparse canopy, spindle or cylinder canopy, high stem and open-center canopy, and open-center canopy in this study. The intracoronal light transmittance, crown size, number of annual branches and fruit-bearing branches and their composition proportion, and fruit yields, fruit quality and fruit output and others of different canopy were monitored and estimated. The results showed that: Compared with the trunk and dispersal-stratified canopy, the crowns of high stem and open-center canopy and open-center canopy trees were large and flat, and their intracoronal light transmittance were higher. The foliage branches and short branches of open-center canopy accounted for 61. 21% of the total annual branches, and the tree vigour was moderate to the upper. The foliage branches and short branches of trunk and dispersal-stratified canopy, small and sparse canopy, and high stem and open-center canopy accounted for more than 70. 00% of the total annual branches, and the tree vigour all were weaker. The short fruit-bearing branches of open-center canopy accounted for 60. 68% of the fruit-bearing branches, and the middle fruit-bearing branches accounted for 28. 67%, which were beneficial to high quality and high yields in consecutive years. The short fruit-bearing branches of trunk and dispersal-stratified canopy accounted for 85. 00%, and the middle fruit-bearing branches accounted for only 8. 79%, which were easy to form alternate bearing. The fruit yields of trunk and dispersal-stratified canopy were the highest among different canopies, and followed by open-center canopy. The fruit quality, fruit uniformity and fruit price of open-center canopy were the highest, and trunk and dispersal-stratified canopy were the lowest. The economic output value of open-center canopy was the highest, followed by trunk and dispersal-stratified canopy, and high stem and the open-center canopy was the lowest. By comprehensive comparison, in the hilly and gully region of northern Shaanxi, the trunk and dispersal-stratified canopy of traditional sparse planting orchard should be transformed into an open-center canopy.
Keywords:mountain apple   canopy transformation   intracoronal light transmittance   number and proportion of branches   economic output value
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