小麦-玉米滴灌水肥一体化的节水增产效应

在河南省通许县节水农业试验示范基地开展了滴灌和小白龙水肥一体化的对比研究,氮肥施用设置一次性底施、底施70%+拔节期追施30%、底施50%+拔节期追施50%、底施70%+灌浆期追施30%、底施50%+灌浆期追施50%和底施50%+拔节期追施30%+灌浆期追施20%,以期找出小麦-玉米周年节水增效措施。结果表明,滴灌水肥一体化更有利于改善水肥的协调供应,促进小麦-玉米的生长发育。与小白龙处理相比,滴灌处理小麦株高增加0.9~7.6 cm,穗长增加0.4~1.6 cm,小穗数增加1.1~2.8个,穗粒数增加0.6~5.2粒,不孕穗数减少1.1~3.3个,千粒质量增加0.1~1.4 g;玉米株高增加2.4~8.2 cm,叶片数增加0.2~0.8片,茎粗增加0.44~0.68 cm,穗行数增加0.2~1.2行,双行粒数增加0.8~7.3粒,有效穗长增加0.04~1.67 cm,穗周长增加0.39~1.40 cm,百粒质量增加0.2~2.1 g,总体上,小麦和玉米均以底施50%+灌浆期追施50%处理效果较好。与小白龙处理相比,滴灌水肥一体化处理小麦显著增产14.29%~18.96%,灌溉水利用效率显著提高1.93~2.79 kg/m3;玉米显著增产21.79%~47.19%,灌溉水利用效率显著提高3.97~6.07 kg/m~3;小麦-玉米周年显著增产19.98%~33.37%,灌溉水利用效率显著提高3.26~4.43 kg/m~3,均以底施70%+灌浆期追施30%效果最佳。与一次性底施处理相比,滴灌水肥一体化处理小麦、玉米及小麦-玉米周年产量及灌溉水利用效率均以底施50%+拔节期追施30%+灌浆期追施20%处理最高。由此可见,滴灌水肥一体化有利于实现节水增效,氮肥适当后移效果明显。

Effect of Drop Irrigation Fertigation on Water-saving and Yield-increasing of Wheat-corn System

In order to reveal the effect of drop irrigation fertigation on water-saving and yield-increasing of wheat and corn,the comparative field experiments of drip irrigation and small white dragon with the inte-grated management of water and fertilizer was carried out in Tongxu water-saving agriculture demonstration base of Henan province. The application of N fertilizer was set as single basal application (210 kg/ha) , basal application 70% and topdressing 30% at jointing stage, basal application 50% and topdressing 50% at jointing stage,basal application 70% and topdressing 30% at the filling stage,basal application50% and topdressing 50% at the filling stage, basal application 50% and topdressing 30% at jointing stage and 20% at the filling stage. The results showed that the fertigation was more conducive to the im-provement of the water supply,and promoted the coordinated growth of wheat and corn. Compared to the corresponding treatments of small white dragon, the wheat plant height of drop irrigation treatment in-creased by 0. 9—7. 6 cm,the ear length increased by 0. 4—1. 6 cm,the number of spikelet increased by 1. 1—2. 8,the number of grains per spike increased by 0. 6—5. 2 grains,the sterility spike number re-duced by 1. 1—3. 3,the thousand-grain-weight increased by 0. 1—1. 4 g;the corn plant height of drop ir-rigation treatment increased by 2. 4—8. 2 cm,the number of visible leaves increased by 0. 2—0. 8,the di-ameter of stem increased by 0. 44—0. 68 cm,the number of the rows increased by 0. 2—1. 2,the number of double rows grains increased by 0. 8—7. 3 grains,the effective ear length increased by 0. 04—1. 67 cm,the ear perimeter increased by 0. 39—1. 40 cm and the 100-grain-weight increased by 0. 2—2. 1 g. The better treatment of wheat and corn was the treatment with the basal application 50% and topdressing 50% at the filling stage. Compared to the corresponding small white dragon treatments,the yield of wheat increased by 14. 29%—18. 96% under drop irrigation,the water utilization efficiency of irrigation im-proved 1. 93—2. 79 kg/m3;the yield of corn increased by 21. 79%—47. 19% under drop irrigation,the water use efficiency of irrigation increased by 3. 97—6. 07 kg/m3;the anniversary yield of wheat and corn increased by 19. 98%—33. 37% under drop irrigation, the water utilization efficiency of irrigation in-creased by 3. 26—4. 43 kg/m3 ,the best treatment was basal application 70% and topdressing 30% at the filling stage with the integrated management of water and fertilizer. Compared to the treatment of single basal application,the wheat,corn and wheat-corn yield and water utilization efficiency were the highest in the treatment of basal application 50% and topdressing 30% at jointing stage and 20% at the filling stage. Therefore,the fertigation was conducive to yield-increasing and water-saving,and topdressing at lat-er stage was helpful to production.