村镇垃圾治理典型案例及问题分析

垃圾治理是农村人居环境整治的重要组成部分。当前各地农村围绕垃圾分类、收运及处理处置开展了众多实践尝试。为及时、深入地了解村镇垃圾的治理现状,本文基于2021年村镇垃圾治理实用技术与实践案例征集活动的结果,对比分析了应征案例的指标达成状况,系统梳理了村镇垃圾的分类收运、资源化利用及热处理三类典型案例的特点和存在的问题,旨在为我国村镇垃圾治理工作的高效推进提供参考。就分类收运而言,“五网协同”、“一户一码”、第三方运营等管理机制方面的创新对村镇垃圾治理的高效推进具有重要作用,同时也存在目标效果缺乏数据支撑、案例覆盖人口数量少及案例可推广性有待验证等问题。资源化处理方面,升级版的阳光房堆肥技术及模式运行成本较低,操作相对简便,可推广性强;虽然厨余（易腐）垃圾机械制肥推广应用较多,具有一定的适用性,但其运行成本高,且部分运行时间较短的工艺无法满足产物腐熟的要求。易腐垃圾昆虫生物转化技术的减量化和资源化水平较高,有较好的规模化推广应用前景。此外,大部分村镇生活垃圾热处理案例存在运行不稳定及污染物排放不达标等问题,因此应加强原料控制、热解（焚烧）过程优化等方面的科学研究和实践应用。

Rural waste management:Illustrative cases and problem analysis

Waste management is an important part of agricultural and rural environmental remediation.At present,many practical attempts have been carried out in rural areas regarding sorting,collection,transportation and treatment and disposal.It is necessary to timely and indepth understand the current situation of waste management in rural and town areas.The study systemically summaries the characteristics and existing problems of three illustrative cases,including separation,collection and transportation,resource utilization as well as thermophilic treatment of rural and town wastes through comparative analysis of the achievement status of the index of illustrative cases.These cases are from collection activities of practical technology and illustrative case of the 2021 rural waste management.The study is expected to provide a reference for the efficient promotion of waste treatment in rural and town areas in China.For sorting-transportation of rural waste,innovative management mechanisms such as five-nets collaboration,one home one code,and third-part operation play important roles in promoting rural waste management.However,there are some issues including no data support for targets effects,less population involved in cases as well as generalizability of the cases,which requires to be addressed.As for cases of resource utilization,upgraded aerobic composting for the treatment of rural waste is characterized by cost-effective,readily operation and good generalizability.Although mechanical composting for the treatment of putrescible (food) waste is widely applied due to highly efficient of waste reduction,it is costly and low quality of final residues due to short solid retention time in some cases.Bioconversion of food waste via housefly larvae by using a series of intelligent equipment and facility is a promising approach since significant waste reduction rate and resource utilization extent has been verified.In addition,most cases of heat treatment of rural waste have problems such as unstable operation and pollutant discharge not up to standard.Therefore,research and practice on raw material control and pyrolysis (incineration) process optimization need to be strengthened.